@ARTICLE{MARZI_2023_ARTICLE_MMV_490328, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Melloni, C. and Vender, M.}, TITLE = {Finger-tracking reading profiles in monolingual and bilingual early graders}, YEAR = {2023}, ABSTRACT = {In this paper we propose an analysis of the reading behaviour of a group of Italian monolingual (n= 24) and bilingual (n= 35) 2nd schoolgraders, engaged in the tasks of reading aloud lists of isolated words and nonwords (from the DDE-2 test battery), as well as narrative connected texts displayed on the touch-screen of a common tablet, to be read either aloud or silently. A finger-tracking technique is illustrated, which provides detailed information about the reading behaviour and attention focus of early graders. Our results reveal various differences between groups. In particular, a different tracking pattern emerged in reading long, morphologically-complex word forms, correlating with a higher decoding error rate and comprehension difficulties in bilingual children compared with their monolingual peers. We suggest that the unsteady, discontinuous reading pattern for long noun and verb forms may be due to a (proto)-morphological reading strategy, with monolingual children being more successful in benefiting from a morpheme-based reading route. We also discuss the potentials of the finger-tracking technique as a tool to offer a more profound and comprehensive analysis of the reading profiles of both monolingual and bilingual readers.}, KEYWORDS = {developing readers, bilingualism, L2 literacy, connected text reading, morphological processing, finger-tracking}, PAGES = {327-361}, URL = {https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1418/109051}, VOLUME = {XXII}, DOI = {10.1418/109051}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino, Bologna (Italia)}, ISSN = {1720-9331}, JOURNAL = {Lingue e linguaggio}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2023_ARTICLE_MP_485504, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {A discriminative information-theoretical analysis of the regularity gradient in inflectional morphology}, YEAR = {2023}, ABSTRACT = {Over the last decades, several independent lines of research in morphology have questioned the hypothesis of a direct correspondence between sublexical units and their mental correlates. Word and paradigm models of morphology shifted the fundamental part-whole relation in an inflection system onto the relation between individual inflected word forms and inflectional paradigms. In turn, the use of artificial neural networks of densely interconnected parallel processing nodes for morphology learning marked a radical departure from a morpheme-based view of the mental lexicon. Lately, in computational models of Discriminative Learning, a network architecture has been combined with an uncertainty reducing mechanism that dispenses with the need for a one-to-one association between formal contrasts and meanings, leading to the dissolution of a discrete notion of the morpheme.The paper capitalises on these converging lines of development to offer a unifying information-theoretical, simulation-based analysis of the costs incurred in processing (ir)regularly inflected forms belonging to the verb systems of English, German, French, Spanish and Italian. Using Temporal Self-Organising Maps as a computational model of lexical storage and access, we show that a discriminative, recurrent neural network, based on Rescorla-Wagner's equations, can replicate speakers' exquisite sensitivity to widespread effects of word frequency, paradigm entropy and morphological (ir)regularity in lexical processing. The evidence suggests an explanatory hypothesis linking Word and paradigm morphology with principles of information theory and human perception of morphological structure. According to this hypothesis, the ways more or less regularly inflected words are structured in the mental lexicon are more related to a reduction in processing uncertainty and maximisation of predictive efficiency than to economy of storage.}, KEYWORDS = {Morphological inflection, Morphological regularity, Prediction-driven processing, Discriminative learning, Lexical self-organisation, Gradient structure, Information theory, Non-linear modelling}, PAGES = {1-51}, URL = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-023-09415-6}, DOI = {10.1007/s11525-023-09415-6}, PUBLISHER = {Springer (Heidelberg, Paesi Bassi)}, ISSN = {1871-5621}, JOURNAL = {Morphology (Dordrecht)}, } @ARTICLE{MAZZARINO_2023_ARTICLE_MM_483114, AUTHOR = {Mazzarino, S. and Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Morphological processing in Italian L2 developing readers: a pilot study}, YEAR = {2023}, ABSTRACT = {In this paper we focus on the morphological competence and awareness of 23 Italian second-language (L2) school children, by comparing the reading profiles of Italian L1 and L2 children attending primary school from 2nd to 5th grades. Reading data were collected through the experimental finger-tracking protocol developed within the ReadLet project, which supports collecting and structuring behavioural reading data of short narrative texts displayed on a tablet touch-screen. The analyses reproduced the main effects that are well-attested in the developmental literature, and pointed out some differences in the behavioural profile of L2 versus L1 children, with the former being more affected by word length and frequency effects, as well as by the aloud reading task than the latter. Interestingly, however, a functional morphological segmentation strategy emerges in L2 readers processing complex inflected forms during the aloud reading task. We interpret it as a possible strategy to alleviate the extra cognitive load associated with the overt articulation of morphologically complex words within the context of a connected text.}, KEYWORDS = {reading, bilingualism, morphological awareness, developing readers, word processing}, PAGES = {143-166}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/483114}, VOLUME = {XXII}, DOI = {10.1418/107679}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino, Bologna (Italia)}, ISSN = {1720-9331}, JOURNAL = {Lingue e linguaggio}, } @EDITORIAL{MARZI_2023_EDITORIAL_MP_490518, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Integrative Views on Representations and Processes in Morphology}, YEAR = {2023}, ABSTRACT = {One of the most enduring conceptualisations of the language architecture rests on a modular subdivision of work between lexical representations of stored items on the one hand, and dynamic processes, modelled as procedural rules working on such items, on the other hand. In morphology, network-based approaches have suggested an alternative "integrative" view of word representations and processes, where lexical representations consist of partially overlapping activation patterns spreading over several processing units. From this integrative perspective, the resulting network is both a lexicon and a word processor. We argue that the network-based view provides a stimulating research framework for several complementary levels of language inquiry (including theoretical, computational and neuro-psychological approaches) to be fruitfully integrated into a novel, comprehensive understanding of morphology. We discuss some implications of this view and delineate prospects of progress in this area.}, KEYWORDS = {morphology, mental lexicon, Connectionism, Network science, Discriminative Learning}, PAGES = {397-556}, URL = {https://link.springer.com/journal/11525/volumes-and-issues/33-4}, VOLUME = {33(4)}, DOI = {10.1007/s11525-023-09416-5}, PUBLISHER = {Springer (Dordrecht, NLD)}, } @EDITORIAL{MARZI_2023_EDITORIAL_MP_492243, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Integrative views of representations and processes in morphology: an introduction}, YEAR = {2023}, KEYWORDS = {Morphology, Mental Lexicon, Connectionism, Network science, Discriminative learning}, PAGES = {397-408}, URL = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11525-023-09416-5}, VOLUME = {33}, DOI = {10.1007/s11525-023-09416-5}, PUBLISHER = {Springer (Heidelberg, Paesi Bassi)}, ISSN = {1871-5621}, BOOKTITLE = {Morphology (Dordrecht)}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2022_ARTICLE_MNMMP_471441, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Narzisi, A. and Milone, A. and Masi, G. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Reading behaviors through patterns of finger-tracking in Italian children with autism spectrum disorder}, YEAR = {2022}, ABSTRACT = {The paper proposes an ecological and portable protocol for the large-scale collection of reading data in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children based on recording the finger movements of a subject reading a text displayed on a tablet touchscreen. By capitalizing on recent evidence that movements of a finger that points to a scene or text during visual exploration or reading may approximate eye fixations, we focus on recognition of written content and function words, pace of reading, and accuracy in reading comprehension. The analysis showed significant differences between typically developing and ASD children, with the latter group exhibiting greater variation in levels of reading ability, slower developmental pace in reading speed, less accurate comprehension, greater dependency on word length and word frequency, less significant prediction-based processing, as well as a monotonous, steady reading pace with reduced attention to weak punctuation. Finger-tracking patterns provides evidence that ASD readers may fail to integrate single word processing into major syntactic structures and lends support to the hypothesis of an impaired use of contextual information to predict upcoming stimuli, suggesting that difficulties in perception may arise as difficulties in prediction.}, KEYWORDS = {reading, autism, finger-tracking, deleloping readers, prediction-driven processing}, PAGES = {1-17}, URL = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/10/1316}, VOLUME = {12}, DOI = {10.3390/brainsci12101316}, PUBLISHER = {Molecular Diversity Preservation International (Basel)}, ISSN = {2076-3425}, JOURNAL = {Brain sciences}, } @INCOLLECTION{CREPALDI_2022_INCOLLECTION_CFMNPT_471258, AUTHOR = {Crepaldi, D. and Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Nadalini, A. and Pirrelli, V. and Taxitari, L.}, TITLE = {Finger movements and eye movements during adults' silent and oral reading}, YEAR = {2022}, ABSTRACT = {Using a common tablet and a web application, we can record the finger movements of a reader that is concurrently reading and finger-pointing a text displayed on the tablet touchscreen. In a preliminary analysis of "finger-tracking" data of early-graders we showed that finger movements can replicate established reading effects observed in more controlled settings. Here, we analyse and discuss reading evidence collected by (i) tracking the finger movements of adults reading a short essay displayed on a tablet touchscreen, and (ii) tracking the eye movements of adults reading a comparable text displayed on the screen of a computer. Texts in the two conditions were controlled for linguistic complexity and page layout. In addition, we tested adults' comprehension in both silent and oral reading, by asking them multiple-choice questions after reading each text. We show and discuss the reading evidence that the two (optical and tactile) protocols provide, and to what extent they show comparable effects. We conclude with some remarks on the importance of ecology and portability of protocols for large-scale collection of naturalistic reading data.}, KEYWORDS = {Reading, finger-tracking, digital technology}, PAGES = {443-471}, URL = {https://link.springer.com/book/9783030998905}, VOLUME = {23}, PUBLISHER = {Springer (Dordrecht, NLD)}, ISBN = {978-3-030-99890-5}, BOOKTITLE = {Developing language and literacy-Studies in Honor of Dorit Diskin Ravid}, EDITOR = {Levie, R. and Bar On, A. and Ashkenazi, O. and Dattner, E. and Brandes, G.}, } @INCOLLECTION{MARZI_2022_INCOLLECTION_MP_464598, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Psycholinguistic Research on Inflectional Morphology in the Romance Languages}, YEAR = {2022}, ABSTRACT = {Over the past decades, psycholinguistic aspects of word processing have made a considerable impact on views of language theory and language architecture. In the quest for the principles governing the ways human speakers perceive, store, access, and produce words, inflection issues have provided a challenging realm of scientific inquiry, and a battlefield for radically opposing views. It is somewhat ironic that some of the most influential cognitive models of inflection have long been based on evidence from an inflectionally impoverished language like English, where the notions of inflectional regularity, (de)composability, predictability, phonological complexity, and default productivity appear to be mutually implied. An analysis of more "complex" inflection systems such as those of Romance languages shows that this mutual implication is not a universal property of inflection, but a contingency of poorly contrastive, nearly isolating inflection systems. Far from presenting minor faults in a solid, theoretical edifice, Romance evidence appears to call into question the subdivision of labor between rules and exceptions, the on-line processing vs. long-term memory dichotomy, and the distinction between morphological processes and lexical representations. A dynamic, learning-based view of inflection is more compatible with this data, whereby morphological structure is an emergent property of the ways inflected forms are processed and stored, grounded in universal principles of lexical self-organization and their neuro-functional correlates.}, KEYWORDS = {Romance language morphology, paradigms, inflectional classes, lexical self-organisation, frequency effects, priming, discriminative learning, lexical blocking, long-term and short-term memory}, PAGES = {1-44}, URL = {https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-709}, DOI = {10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.709}, PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press (Oxford, GBR)}, ISBN = {9780199384655}, BOOKTITLE = {Oxford Encyclopedia of Romance Linguistics}, EDITOR = {Loporcaro, M.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2022_INPROCEEDINGS_MNFMMVPTP_471602, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Narzisi, A. and Ferro, M. and Masi, G. and Milone, A. and Viglione, V. and Pelagatti, S. and Tomassini, I. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Patterns of finger-tracking in Italian early readers with Autism Spectrum Disorder}, YEAR = {2022}, ABSTRACT = {Background: Of late, the synergistic interaction of eye and hand movements in the exploration of a visual scene displayed on a computer touchscreen was shown to provide a congruent signature of the "attention maps" of subjects with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A familiar context where this visual and tactile interaction is exploited is when children use the finger of their dominant hand to point the letters of written words as they are reading, particularly at early stages of their literacy development. In the present work, a dedicated app running on a common tablet is used to capture and analyse the finger-tracking behaviour of children with ASD while they are reading few episodes of a connected text on the tablet touchscreen. The reader's voice is also recorded through the tablet built-in microphone. The sliding movements of the finger across the tablet touchscreen are discretized into a series of densely distributed "touch events", which are then mapped onto the text lines in much the same way eye fixations are projected onto a sequence of words using an eye-tracker. Reading texts are linguistically annotated, to control for levels of reading difficulty, and finger-tracking times are associated with linguistic glosses. Objectives: Investigate patterns of finger-tracking as a potential non biological marker for identification of children with ASD . Methods: A preliminary analysis is offered of evidence of the finger-tracking behaviour of 20 Italian children with high functioning ASD, aged 7-11 years, while they are engaged in reading. A grade-matched control group of children with typical development was included. Patterns of finger-tracking are assessed in connection with three complementary aspects of reading behaviour: (1) word recognition, (2) pace of reading of multi-word intonation units, and (3) text comprehension, controlled by asking children a few multiple-choice questions on text content after each reading session. Results: Considerable variation in levels of reading ability was observed in the ASD sample, with a few children showing clear evidence of impaired reading comprehension. However, fluent readers with ASD exhibit the same correlation between accurate decoding (assessed by measuring per-word reading speed) and high levels of reading comprehension found in controls. Likewise, decoding rates were found to significantly increase with increasing grade levels, following the typical developmental pattern observed in controls. On a less local level of linguistic analysis, the reading pace of ASD readers fails to be modulated according to major syntactic structures, punctuation marks and direct speech turns, an effect concomitant with a flat prosodic intonation of oral reading. Conclusions: Preliminary findings confirm the heterogeneous nature of reading skills in children with ASD, showing that the use of a tablet screen as a tactile interface for visual perception analysis can offer a robust experimental protocol for large-scale, multimodal collection of naturalistic data for extensive assessment of readers with ASD.}, KEYWORDS = {reading, autism, finger-tracking, developing readers, prediction-driven processing}, PAGES = {192-192}, URL = {https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.autism-insar.org/resource/resmgr/files/insar_2022/2022_Abstract_Book.pdf}, VOLUME = {2022}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {INSAR}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Austin, Texas}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {11-14/05/2022}, BOOKTITLE = {2022 annual meeting abstract book}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2022_INPROCEEDINGS_MP_471259, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {An information-theoretic analysis of the inflectional regular-irregular gradient for optimal processing units}, YEAR = {2022}, ABSTRACT = {Prediction-driven word processing defines the human ability to anticipate upcoming input words in recognition. From this perspective, input word forms need to be processed as quickly and efficiently as possible. Under the reasonable assumption that spoken words are memorized and processed as word trees (e.g. Marslen-Wilson's "cohorts"), the larger the size of the cohort of an input word at a certain point in time (and the later its uniqueness point), the harder and slower to process the word is. Regularly and irregularly inflected verb forms have different stem family sizes and different uniqueness points. Using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) as a computational model of the human lexical proces- sor, we explore here how their distributional and structural properties may affect (optimal) processing strategies.}, KEYWORDS = {Morphological inflection, prediction-driven processing, discriminability, non-linearity, learnability}, PAGES = {50-51}, URL = {http://www.nytud.hu/imm20/abstracts/main.pdf}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {20th International Morphology Meeting-(Dedicated to the memory of Ferenc Kiefer)}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Budapest}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {01-04/09/2022}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2021_ARTICLE_MGSV_447049, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Greco, A. and Scilingo, E. P. and Vanello, N.}, TITLE = {Towards a model of arousal change after affective word pronunciation based on electrodermal activity and speech analysis}, YEAR = {2021}, ABSTRACT = {In this paper, we explore the possibility of building a model of subject arousal by exploiting the acquisition and the analysis of speech and electrodermal activity (EDA). Several issues have to be addressed to reach this goal as the estimation of the relationship between arousal and behavioral measures and the reliability of EDA signal during speech production. To accomplish this task, we will investigate the relation among EDA, speech activity and subject arousal, during isolated affective word pronunciation. Our results show that significant information on subject arousal can be obtained by analyzing EDA during the processing of out-of-context words with an emotional content in a reading aloud task. Based on a sample of eighteen Italian participants, we observed a significant relation between EDA features and self-reported arousal scores. Quantitative models relating EDA and speech-derived features are proposed and discussed. We found that increasing values of tonic and phasic components of EDA signals correspond to increasing self-assessed arousal scores; Mel-frequency cepstral analysis of speech was also shown to carry relevant information about subject arousal, with a significant inverse relation to self-assessed scores. Our results suggest how the analysis of concurrent acquisition of EDA and speech features may offer a valid approach for the prediction of subject arousal during speech production, as well as a method for validating self-assessment ratings themselves.}, KEYWORDS = {speech, electrodermal activity, statistical models, arousal, word pronunciation}, PAGES = {1-8}, URL = {http://www.elsevier.com/locate/bspc}, VOLUME = {67}, DOI = {10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102517}, PUBLISHER = {Elsevier (Oxford, Regno Unito)}, ISSN = {1746-8094}, JOURNAL = {Biomedical signal processing and control (Print)}, } @BOOK{MARZI_2021_BOOK_M_461758, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Modelling the morphological lexicon-A computational approach to mono-and bilingual learning and processing of verb inflection}, YEAR = {2021}, ABSTRACT = {This work aims at defining an explanatory model of the morphological lexicon as a dynamic system of word learning and processing in both mono- and bilingual contexts. The main focus is on exploring some relevant aspects of the paradigmatic organisation of the mental lexicon in language learning, based on a dynamic analysis of mono- and bilingual contexts. The proposed interdisciplinary approach to lexical acquisition combines theoretically-motivated accounts, psycho-cognitive evidence and methodologies, and machine learning technologies. In particular, I will take into account those basic psychological and cognitive mechanisms that are considered as crucial in language acquisition: (i) the ability to perceive recurrent morphological structures (invariances) in varying temporal contexts, (ii) the capability to access/activate time series of symbols in the short term memory and to selectively integrate them with long term memory expectations, (iii) the attitude towards building novel forms through analogical extension of intra- and inter-paradigmatic relations (generalisation). This investigation is pursued through a computational model based on a recurrent Self-Organising Map, with Hebbian connections defined over a temporal layer (Temporal Self-Organising Map, TSOM), providing a principled algorithmic account of effects of lexical acquisition, processing and access. The computational simulation of a biologically inspired neural architecture of the mental lexicon offers the possibility to reproduce a wide range of conditions of mono- and bi-lingual input exposure, and to illustrate the dynamic of word acquisition and the emergence of morphological organisation. The proposed model provides an adaptive multifactorial account of morphology acquisition affected by a variety of input factors, such as word frequency distributions, paradigm regularity and wordlikeness, whereby lexical perception and organisation are grounded in memory-based processing strategies. In addition, it suggests a processing-based notion of morpheme, as a by-product of processing dynamics, with paradigms emerging as specialised surface relations between inflected forms.}, KEYWORDS = {morphology, learning and processing, monolingual and bilingual acquisition, verb inflection, artificial neural networks, temporal self-organising maps}, PAGES = {5-171}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/461758}, VOLUME = {1095. 82}, PUBLISHER = {Franco Angeli (Milano, ITA)}, ISBN = {978-88-351-3548-7}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{TAXITARI_2021_INPROCEEDINGS_TCFMNP_441870, AUTHOR = {Taxitari, L. and Cappa, C. and Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Nadalini, A. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Using mobile technology for reading assessment}, YEAR = {2021}, ABSTRACT = {The enormous potential of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for addressing critical educational issues is generally acknowledged, but its use in the assessment of the complex skills of reading and understanding a text has been very limited to date. The paper contrasts traditional reading assessment protocols with ReadLet, an ICT platform with a tablet front-end, designed to support online monitoring of silent and oral reading abilities in early graders. ReadLet makes use of cloud computing and mobile technology for large-scale data collection and allows the time alignment of the child's reading behaviour with texts tagged using Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools. Initial findings replicate established benchmarks from the psycholinguistic literature on reading in both typically and atypically developing children, making the application a new ground-breaking approach in the evaluation of reading skills. Index Terms--reading assessment, reading research, mobile technology, NLP, cloud computing, special education needs.}, KEYWORDS = {reading assessment, reading research, mobile technology, NLP, cloud computing, special education needs}, PAGES = {1-6}, URL = {http://www.ieee.ma/cist20/component/content/?id=26\&Itemid=185}, ISBN = {9781728166469}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {6th IEEE Congress on Information Science \& Technology (IEEE CIST'20)}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {online}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {05/06/2021}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2021_INPROCEEDINGS_MTFNP_445743, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Taxitari, L. and Ferro, M. and Nadalini, A. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Valutare la lettura "in tempo reale": un esempio di integrazione tra linguistica computazionale e linguistica applicata}, YEAR = {2021}, ABSTRACT = {In anni recenti, linguistica computazionale e linguistica applicata hanno ampliato i loro rispettivi ambiti d'indagine, utilizzando l'ontologia formale della linguistica teorica e i modelli cognitivi della psicolinguistica per studiare le difficoltà che i parlanti incontrano nello svolgimento di "compiti" linguistici specifici. Nell'ambito della lettura, le tecnologie per il Trattamento Automatico del Linguaggio (TAL) si sono dimostrate capaci di classificare il livello di leggibilità di un testo, basandosi sulla distribuzione di alcuni parametri linguistici in testi pre-classificati per età dei lettori destinatari, o per grado di scolarità, o per livello di sviluppo cognitivo. Ad esempio, parole o frasi più lunghe, o parole più rare tendono a distribuirsi in testi di più difficile comprensione, o destinati a lettori più maturi. E' possibile così assegnare a un testo, o a ogni singola frase, un punteggio di leggibilità in funzione (inversa) della complessità lessicale, morfologica, sintattica o pragmatica dell'unità testuale analizzata. In Linguistica Applicata (LA) la valutazione della difficoltà di lettura ha seguito un approccio funzionale. Nel modello semplice di lettura, ad esempio, la capacità di leggere un testo è analizzata come il prodotto dell'interazione tra decodifica e comprensione. Attraverso l'osservazione di un campione di bambini impegnati nella lettura, è possibile valutare la loro fluenza in decodifica, gli errori di decodifica e comprensione, e l'efficacia di percorsi educativi personalizzati. La piattaforma ReadLet è stata sviluppata con l'obiettivo di integrare l'approccio classificatorio del TAL con quello funzionale della LA. Il bambino legge un breve testo visualizzato sullo schermo di un tablet, ad alta voce o in modalità silente. In entrambi i casi, al bambino viene chiesto di "tenere il segno" con il dito sullo schermo nel corso della lettura. La traccia tattile è registrata e allineata con il testo visualizzato sullo schermo mediante un algoritmo di convoluzione. Al contempo, il testo è annotato automaticamente per tratti linguistici. Alla fine della sessione di lettura silente, il bambino risponde ad alcune semplici domande sul contenuto del testo. I dati raccolti consentono di valutare le difficoltà (rallentamenti o errori) che il bambino incontra nella lettura, e di mettere in relazione "in tempo reale" queste difficoltà con aspetti linguistici specifici del testo. Un'analisi preliminare dei dati raccolti da ReadLet su oltre 400 allievi di alcune scuole elementari toscane e della Svizzera italiana, ha evidenziato il differente "passo" di lettura tra lettori con sviluppo tipico e atipico, e il peso che variabili come lunghezza, frequenza e lessicalità hanno su profili di lettura individuali e aggregati. La possibilità di "controllare" automaticamente la distribuzione di queste variabili nel testo e di correlarle con le difficoltà del singolo bambino consente, infine, di somministrare testi con livelli di difficoltà gradualmente crescenti, rendendo possibili percorsi personalizzati di potenziamento.}, KEYWORDS = {reading assessment, reading strategies, NLP, ICT mobile technologies}, PAGES = {5-5}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/445743}, VOLUME = {2021}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {XXI Congresso Internazionale di AItLA}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Bergamo (I)}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {11-12/02/2021}, BOOKTITLE = {FARE LINGUISTICA APPLICATA CON LE DIGITAL HUMANITIES}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2020_ARTICLE_M_424281, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Modeling Word Learning and Processing with Recurrent Neural Networks}, YEAR = {2020}, ABSTRACT = {The paper focuses on what two different types of Recurrent Neural Networks, namely a recurrent Long Short-Term Memory and a recurrent variant of self-organizing memories, a Temporal Self-Organizing Map, can tell us about speakers' learning and processing a set of fully inflected verb forms selected from the top-frequency paradigms of Italian and German. Both architectures, due to the re-entrant layer of temporal connectivity, can develop a strong sensitivity to sequential patterns that are highly attested in the training data. The main goal is to evaluate learning and processing dynamics of verb inflection data in the two neural networks by focusing on the effects of morphological structure on word production and word recognition, as well as on word generalization for untrained verb forms. For both models, results show that production and recognition, as well as generalization, are facilitated for verb forms in regular paradigms. However, the two models are differently influenced by structural effects, with the Temporal Self-Organizing Map more prone to adaptively find a balance between processing issues of learnability and generalization, on the one side, and discriminability on the other side.}, KEYWORDS = {word-learning, serial word processing, recurrent neural networks, long short-term memories, temporal self-organizing memories}, PAGES = {14}, URL = {https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/6/320}, VOLUME = {11}, DOI = {10.3390/info11060320}, PUBLISHER = {Molecular Diversity Preservation International (Basel)}, ISSN = {2078-2489}, JOURNAL = {Information (Basel)}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2020_ARTICLE_M_424627, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Modelling the interaction of regularity and morphological structure: the case of Russian verb inflection}, YEAR = {2020}, ABSTRACT = {The main focus of this paper is to investigate how aspects of morphological regularity may have an impact on early stages of word processing, prior to full lexical access. Here I explore the interaction of regularity and morphological structure by using a computational simulation of the process of learning Russian verb forms, without any morpho-syntactic or morphosemantic additional information. With a recurrent variant of self-organising memories, namely a Temporal Self-Organising Map, or TSOM, experimental results allow an investigation of the impact of incremental learning and online processing principles on paradigm organisation, by assessing the differential impact of several aspects of regularity, ranging from formal transparency and predictability to allomorphy, on the processing/learning behaviour in a connectionist framework. The proposed analysis suggests a performance-oriented account of inflectional regularity in morphology, whereby perception of morphological structure is not the by-product of the design of the human word processor, with rules separated from exceptions, but rather an emergent property of the dynamic self-organisation of stored lexical representations, dependent on the adaptive processing history of inflected word forms, intrinsically graded and probabilistic.}, KEYWORDS = {morphological complexity, discriminative learning, recurrent neural networks, self-organisation, Russian verb in?ection}, PAGES = {131-156}, URL = {https://www.mulino.it/riviste/issn/1720-9331}, VOLUME = {XIX}, DOI = {10.1418/97534}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino, Bologna (Italia)}, ISSN = {1720-9331}, JOURNAL = {Lingue e linguaggio}, } @INCOLLECTION{MARZI_2020_INCOLLECTION_MBBP_421742, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Blevins, J. P. and Booij, G. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Inflection at the morphology-syntax interface}, YEAR = {2020}, ABSTRACT = {What is inflection? Is it part of language morphology, syntax or both? What are the basic units of inflection and how do speakers acquire and process them? How do they vary across languages? Are some inflection systems somewhat more complex than others, and does inflectional complexity affect the way speakers process words? This chapter addresses these and other related issues from an interdisciplinary perspective. Our main goal is to map out the place of inflection in our current understanding of the grammar architecture. In doing that, we will embark on an interdisciplinary tour, which will touch upon theoretical, psychological, typological, historical and computational issues in morphology, with a view to looking for points of methodological and substantial convergence from a rather heterogeneous array of scientific approaches and theoretical perspectives. The main upshot is that we can learn more from this than just an additive medley of domain-specific results. In the end, a cross-domain survey can help us look at traditional issues in a surprisingly novel light.}, KEYWORDS = {inflection, paradigmatic relations, word processing, word learning, inflectional complexity, family size, entropy}, PAGES = {228-294}, URL = {https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110440577/10.1515/9783110440577-007.xml}, VOLUME = {337}, DOI = {10.1515/9783110440577-007}, PUBLISHER = {De Gruyter Saur (Berlin/Munich, DEU)}, ISBN = {9783110440577}, BOOKTITLE = {Word Knowledge and Word Usage. A cross-interdisciplinary guide to the mental lexicon}, EDITOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Plag, I. and Dressler, W. U.}, } @INCOLLECTION{PIRRELLI_2020_INCOLLECTION_PMFCBM_421741, AUTHOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Cardillo, F. A. and Baayen, H. R. and Milin, P.}, TITLE = {Psycho-computational modelling of the mental lexicon}, YEAR = {2020}, ABSTRACT = {Over the last decades, a growing body of evidence on the mechanisms governing lexical storage, access, acquisition and processing has questioned traditional models of language architecture and word usage based on the hypothesis of a direct correspondence between modular components of grammar competence (lexicon vs. rules), processing correlates (memory vs. computation) and neuro-anatomical localizations (prefrontal vs. temporo-parietal perisylvian areas of the left hemisphere). In the present chapter, we explore the empirical and theoretical consequences of a distributed, integrative model of the mental lexicon, whereby words are seen as emergent properties of the functional interaction between basic, language-independent processing principles and the language- specific nature and organization of the input. From this perspective, language learning appears to be inextricably related to the way language is processed and internalized by the speakers, and key to an interdisciplinary understanding of such a way, in line with Tomaso Poggio's suggestion that the development of a cognitive skill is causally and ontogenetically prior to its execution (and sits "on top of it"). In particular, we discuss conditions, potential and prospects of the epistemological continuity between psycholinguistic and computational modelling of word learning, and illustrate the yet largely untapped potential of their integration. We use David Marr's hierarchy to clarify the complementarity of the two viewpoints. Psycholinguistic models are informative about how speakers learn to use language (interfacing Marr's levels 1 and 2). When we move from the psycholinguistic analysis of the functional operations involved in language learning to an algorithmic description of how they are computed, computer simulations can help us explore the relation between speakers' behavior and general learning principles in more detail. In the end, psycho-computational models can be instrumental to bridge Marr's levels 2 and 3, bringing us closer to understanding the nature of word knowledge in the brain.}, KEYWORDS = {mental lexicon, word storage and processing, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, connectionist models, discriminative learning}, PAGES = {23-82}, URL = {https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110440577/10.1515/9783110440577-002.xml}, VOLUME = {337}, DOI = {10.1515/9783110440577-002}, PUBLISHER = {De Gruyter Saur (Berlin/Munich, DEU)}, ISBN = {9783110440577}, BOOKTITLE = {Word Knowledge and Word Usage}, EDITOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Plag, I. and Dressler, W. U.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2020_INPROCEEDINGS_MRNTP_438979, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Rodella, A. and Nadalini, A. and Taxitari, L. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Does finger-tracking point to child reading strategies?}, YEAR = {2020}, ABSTRACT = {The movement of a child's index finger that points to a printed text while (s)he is reading may provide a proxy for the child's eye movements and attention focus. We validated this correlation by showing a quantitative analysis of patterns of "finger-tracking" of Italian early graders engaged in reading a text displayed on a tablet. A web application interfaced with the tablet monitors the reading behaviour by modelling the way the child points to the text while reading. The analysis found significant developmental trends in reading strategies, marking an interesting contrast between typically developing and atypically developing readers.}, KEYWORDS = {reading assessment, reading strategies, mobile technology, special educiation needs}, PAGES = {1-7}, URL = {http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2769/paper_60.pdf}, VOLUME = {vol-2769}, PUBLISHER = {CEUR-WS. org (Aachen, DEU)}, ISSN = {1613-0073}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics 2020}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Bologna}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {1-3/03/2021}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Seventh Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics}, EDITOR = {Monti, J. and Dell'Orletta, F. and Tamburini, F.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{PIRRELLI_2020_INPROCEEDINGS_PCCDFGMNT_442758, AUTHOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Cappa, C. and Crepaldi, D. and Del Pinto, V. and Ferro, M. and Giulivi, S. and Marzi, C. and Nadalini, A. and Taxitari, L.}, TITLE = {Tracking the pace of reading with finger movements}, YEAR = {2020}, ABSTRACT = {Recent experimental evidence in visual perception analysis shows that eye and finger movements strongly correlate during scene exploration, at both individual and group levels. A familiar context which exploits this synergistic behaviour is when children learn to read, with the practice of finger-pointing to text as a support for their attention focus, directional movement and voice-print match. Using a tablet to display short texts, we collected evidence on the finger-pointing behaviour of 3rd-6th Italian graders engaged in both silent and oral reading. "Finger-tracking" data, sampled by the tablet and aligned with the text, made it possible to time a child's reading paceat word and sentence level. Results are shown to replicate established benchmarks in the reading literature, such as the difference in reading pace between age-matched typical and atypical readers as a function of word frequency and length, and neighbourhood entropy and Old20. Atypical readers show increasing difficulty with longer words, with a steeper time increment for word length > 6, integrating previous evidence. In addition, neighbourhood density plays a sparse facilitative role in atypical reading, with no significant interaction with neighbourhood entropy, pointing to a non trivial developmental interplay between sublexical reading and the richness of the Italian orthographic-phonological lexicon. Despite their different dynamics, optical and tactile strategies for text exploration prove to be highly congruent: this suggests that finger-tracking can be used as an ecological proxy for eye-tracking in reading assessment.}, KEYWORDS = {Reading, Finger tracking, Mental Lexicon, Word frequency, Word Length, Neighbourhood entropy}, PAGES = {1}, URL = {https://osf.io/hr62g/}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Words in the World International Conference}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Montreal (Canada)}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {16-18/10/2020}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2019_ARTICLE_MFP_406277, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {A processing-oriented investigation of inflectional complexity}, YEAR = {2019}, ABSTRACT = {Due to the typological diversity of their inflectional processes, some languages are intuitively more difficult than other languages. Yet, finding a single measure to quantitatively assess the comparative complexity of an inflectional system proves an exceedingly difficult endeavor. In this paper we propose to investigate the issue from a processing-oriented standpoint, using data processed by a type of recurrent neural network to quantitatively model the dynamic of word processing and learning in different input conditions. We evaluate the relative complexity of a set of typologically different inflectional systems (Greek, Italian, Spanish, German, English and Standard Modern Arabic) by training a Temporal Self-Organizing Map (TSOM), a recurrent variant of Kohonen's Self-Organizing Maps, on a fixed set of verb forms from top-frequency verb paradigms, with no information about the morphosemantic and morphosyntactic content conveyed by the forms. After training, the behavior of each language-specific TSOM is assessed on different tasks, looking at self-organizing patterns of temporal connectivity and functional responses. Our simulations show that word processing is facilitated by maximally contrastive inflectional systems, where verb forms exhibit the earliest possible point of lexical discrimination. Conversely, word learning is favored by a maximally generalizable system, where forms are inferred from the smallest possible number of their paradigm companions. Based on evidence from the literature and our own data, we conjecture that the resulting balance is the outcome of the interaction between form frequency and morphological regularity. Big families of stem-sharing, regularly inflected forms are the productive core of an inflectional system. Such a core is easier to learn but slower to discriminate. In contrast, less predictable verb forms, based on alternating and possibly suppletive stems, are easier to process but are learned by rote. Inflection systems thus strike a balance between these conflicting processing and communicative requirements, while staying within tight learnability bounds, in line with Ackermann and Malouf's Low Conditional Entropy Conjecture. Our quantitative investigation supports a discriminative view of morphological inflection as a collective, emergent system, whose global self-organization rests on a surprisingly small handful of language-independent principles of word coactivation and competition.}, KEYWORDS = {Morphological complexity, Discriminative learning, Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), self-organization, emergence, processing uncertainty, stem-family size}, PAGES = {1-23}, URL = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2019.00048/full}, VOLUME = {4}, DOI = {10.3389/fcomm.2019.00048}, PUBLISHER = {Frontiers Media (Lausanne, Svizzera)}, ISSN = {2297-900X}, JOURNAL = {Frontiers in communication}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{GRECO_2019_INPROCEEDINGS_GMLSV_415175, AUTHOR = {Greco, A. and Marzi, C. and Lanata, A. and Scilingo, E. P. and Vanello, N.}, TITLE = {Combining Electrodermal Activity and Speech Analysis towards a more Accurate Emotion Recognition System}, YEAR = {2019}, ABSTRACT = {Current research in the emotion recognition field is exploring the possibility of merging the information from physiological signals, behavioural data, and speech. Electrodermal activity (EDA) is amongst the main psychophysiological arousal indicators. Nonetheless, it is quite difficult to be analyzed in ecological scenarios, like, for instance, when the subject is speaking. On the other hand, speech carries relevant information of subject emotional state and its potential in the field of affective computing is still to be fully exploited. In this work, we aim at exploring the possibility of merging the information from electrodermal activity (EDA) and speech to improve the recognition of human arousal level during the pronunciation of single affective words. Unlike the majority of studies in the literature, we focus on speakers' arousal rather than the emotion conveyed by the spoken word. Specifically, a support vector machine with recursive feature elimination strategy (SVM-RFE) is trained and tested on three datasets, i.e. using the two channels (i.e., speech and EDA) separately and then jointly. The results show that the merging of EDA and speech information significantly improves the marginal classifier (+11.64%). The six selected features by the RFE procedure will be used for the development of a future multivariate model of emotions.}, KEYWORDS = {emotion recognition, feature selection, pattern classification, physiology, psychology, support vector machines, human arousal level, single affective words, EDA, electrodermal activity, speech analysis, emotion recognition system, speech processing}, PAGES = {229-232}, URL = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=\&arnumber=8857745\&isnumber=8856280}, VOLUME = {41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)}, DOI = {10.1109/EMBC.2019.8857745}, PUBLISHER = {IEEE Service Center (Piscataway, NJ, Stati Uniti d'America)}, ISSN = {1557-170X}, ISBN = {978-1-5386-1311-5}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Berlin, Germany}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {23-27 July 20}, BOOKTITLE = {Conference proceedings (IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., Conf.)}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2019_INPROCEEDINGS_MGSV_430473, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Greco, A. and Scilingo, E. P. and Vanello, N.}, TITLE = {Electrodermal activity and speech features as predictors for arousal level changes after affective word pronunciation}, YEAR = {2019}, ABSTRACT = {This work explores the possibility of estimating subject arousal through the analysis of speech and electrodermal activity (EDA). One critical issue to be clarified is the reliability of EDA signal during speech production. To accomplish this task, a relation among EDA, speech activity and subject arousal during isolated affective word pronunciation task, will be investigated. The results show that significant information on subject arousal can be still obtained by analyzing EDA during speech. In fact, a significant relationship between EDA features and self-reported arousal can be observed. In addition, a quantitative linear model relating EDA- and speech-related features could be identified. These preliminary results indicate how the analysis of concurrent acquisition of EDA and speech deserves further attention and could offer a valid approach for the prediction of subject arousal during speech production, as a method for validating self-assessment ratings.}, KEYWORDS = {electrodermal activity, regression model, word pronunciation, arousal, speech}, PAGES = {93-96}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-85086605454\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {122}, PUBLISHER = {Firenze University Press (Firenze, Italia)}, ISBN = {978-88-6453-961-4}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {11th international workshop on Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Firenze}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {17-19/12/2019}, BOOKTITLE = {Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications}, EDITOR = {Manfredi, C.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{RORBERI_2019_INPROCEEDINGS_RM_408259, AUTHOR = {Rorberi, S. and Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Modelling the interaction of regularity and morphological structure: the case of Russian verb inflection}, YEAR = {2019}, ABSTRACT = {Modelling complex inflection systems, such as conjugation in Modern Greek, Italian or Russian, requires careful consideration of a number of factors, ranging from pervasive stem allomorphy to the identification of the appropriate inflection class and the inferential predictability of morpho-phonological processes. Descriptive approaches have taken different views on how to account for degrees of morphological (ir)regularity, while making different predictions about the way speakers process regular and irregular forms in highly-inflecting languages. In the present paper, we assess the psycholinguistic implications of two radically different approaches to the description of the Russian verb system: a more traditional approach dating back to Jakobson (1948), and a Words and Paradigm approach (Brown 1998). Based on recent fMRI evidence (Slioussar et al. 2014) and original results of a neural network simulation with recurrent self-organising maps (Ferro et al. 2011; Marzi et al. 2014; Pirrelli et al. 2015; Marzi et al. 2016), we suggest that both approaches are prima facie compatible with Russian data, while being in contrast with Pinker's claim that the regular-irregular distinction is an epiphenomenon of the storage-processing dichotomy in the human language faculty (Pinker \& Ullman 2002). We argue that this evidence lends support to integrative models of the mental lexicon (Marzi \& Pirrelli 2015), accounting for a graded interaction between regularity and morphological structure.}, KEYWORDS = {Inflectional complexity, Russian verb system, perception of morphological structure, recurrent self-organising neural network}, PAGES = {107-110}, URL = {http://drehu.linguist.univ-paris-diderot.fr/ismo-2019/?fichier=programme}, VOLUME = {2019}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {International Symposium of Morphology (ISMo) 2019}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Université de Paris, France}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {25-27/09/2019}, EDITOR = {Crysmann, B. and Villoing, F.}, } @ARTICLE{CARDILLO_2018_ARTICLE_CFMP_396348, AUTHOR = {Cardillo, F. A. and Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Deep Learning of Inflection and the Cell-Filling Problem}, YEAR = {2018}, ABSTRACT = {Machine learning offers two basic strategies for morphology induction: lexical segmentation and surface word relation. The first approach assumes that words can be segmented into morphemes. Inferring a novel inflected form requires identification of morphemic constituents and a strategy for their recombination. The second approach dispenses with segmentation: lexical representations form part of a network of associatively related inflected forms. Production of a novel form consists in filling in one empty node in the network. Here, we present the results of a task of word inflection by a recurrent LSTM network that learns to fill in paradigm cells of incomplete verb paradigms. Although the task does not require morpheme segmentation, we show that accuracy in carrying out the inflection task is a function of the model's sensitivity to paradigm distribution and morphological structure.}, KEYWORDS = {Deep Learning, LSTM, Cell-Filling Problem}, PAGES = {57-75}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/396348}, VOLUME = {4}, PUBLISHER = {aAccademia University Press, Torino (Italia)}, ISSN = {2499-4553}, JOURNAL = {Italian Journal of Computational Linguistics}, } @ARTICLE{FERRO_2018_ARTICLE_FMP_397012, AUTHOR = {Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Discriminative word learning is sensitive to inflectional entropy}, YEAR = {2018}, ABSTRACT = {Psycholinguistic evidence based on inflectional and derivational word families has emphasised the combined role of Paradigm Entropy and Inflectional Entropy in human word processing. Although the way frequency distributions affect behavioural evidence is clear in broad outline, we still miss a clear algorithmic model of how such a complex interaction takes place and why. The main challenge is to understand how the local interaction of learning and processing principles in morphology can result in global effects that require knowledge of the overall distribution of stems and affixes in word families. We show that principles of discriminative learning can shed light on this issue. We simulate learning of verb inflection with a discriminative recurrent network of specialised processing units, whose level of temporal connectivity reflects the frequency distribution of input symbols in context. We analyse the temporal dynamic with which connection weights are adjusted during discriminative learning, to show that self-organised connections are optimally functional to word processing when the distribution of inflected forms in a paradigm (Paradigm Entropy) and the distribution of their inflectional affixes across paradigms (Inflectional Entropy) diverge minimally.}, KEYWORDS = {discriminative learning, word processing, recurrent neural networks, relative entropy}, PAGES = {307-327}, URL = {https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1418/91871}, VOLUME = {XVII}, DOI = {10.1418/91871}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino, Bologna (Italia)}, ISSN = {1720-9331}, JOURNAL = {Lingue e linguaggio}, } @INCOLLECTION{MARZI_2018_INCOLLECTION_M_390949, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Morpho - phonotactic typicality and second language acquisition and processing}, YEAR = {2018}, ABSTRACT = {According to many accounts of word processing and access, an input word concurrently activates non-target lexical neighbours that become available for further processing stages. Psycholinguistic evidence shows how prediction and competition based on word similarity and lexical redundancy affect speakers' anticipation of incoming stimuli, so as to speed input recognition and improve lexical decision (Luce/Pisoni 1998; Bailey/Hahn 2001; Hahn/Bailey 2005, among others). As observed by Bailey and Hahn (2001), wordlikeness affects both language acquisition and processing. Wordlikeness can be defined in terms of phonotactic/ orthotactic likelihood and lexical density. Both neighbourhood size and frequency distribution of neighbours are known to play a role in word prediction and competition. In this perspective, monitoring this competing behaviour can shed some light on the relationship between phonotactic/orthotactic likelihood and lexical density, and their connection with issues of word recognition and production. My goal in this chapter is to provide a computational model of bilingual lexical self-organisation, with language-independent architectural and functional requirements of the lexical store, together with language-specific phonotactic constraints, appearing to control aspects of interaction of first and second language (hereafter L1-L2) and define the propensity to acquire novel words, showing how acquisitional strategies are affected by past knowledge of language and entrenched expectations on incoming stimuli. On the one hand, a strong expectation based on L1 affects the way L2 inputs are perceived. On the other hand, language-independent architectural and functional requirements of the lexical store, such as its highly integrated organisation and language-non-selective access (Dijkstra/van Heuven 2002), appear to control aspects of L1-L2 interaction. Simulations in the neuro-computational framework of Temporal Self-Organising Maps (TSOMs, Ferro et al. 2011; Marzi et al. 2012, 2014a, 2016; Pirrelli et al. 2014, 2015), where word processing and lexical acquisition are implemented as recoding and storage strategies for time-series of symbolic units, will highlight how partially overlapping phonological representations may cause competition in incremental learning, and how weaker connections and recycled memory resources make L2 representations underspecified due to the lack of strong lexical expectations and selective specialisation typical of the L1 representations.}, KEYWORDS = {L1-L2 acquisition, bilingual lexical self-organisation, phonotactic typicality, discriminative recurrent network}, PAGES = {219-232}, URL = {https://www.francoangeli.it/Ricerca/Scheda_Libro.aspx?ID=25216\&Tipo=Libro\&strRicercaTesto=25216\&lingua=it\&titolo=tipologia%2c+acquisizione%2c+grammaticalizzazione.+typology%2c++acquisition%2c+grammaticalization+studies}, VOLUME = {1095. 79}, PUBLISHER = {Franco Angeli (Milano, ITA)}, ISBN = {978-88-917-7847-5}, BOOKTITLE = {Tipologia, Acquisizione, Grammaticalizzazione-Typology, Acquisition, Grammaticalization studies}, EDITOR = {Chini, M. and Cuzzolin, P.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{FERRO_2018_INPROCEEDINGS_FCGMNCP_390504, AUTHOR = {Ferro, M. and Cappa, C. and Giulivi, S. and Marzi, C. and Nahli, O. and Cardillo, F. A. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {ReadLet: Reading for Understanding}, YEAR = {2018}, ABSTRACT = {This paper focuses on motivation, objectives, design issues and preliminary results of ReadLet, an ICT platform for assessing reading efficiency in primary school children. Test data are discussed on a sample of 200 early graders, reading French, Italian and Standard Modern Arabic (SMA).}, KEYWORDS = {Reading, text comprehension, Specific Learning Disorders, multimodal signal processing, cloud computing, portable assistive technology}, PAGES = {404-409}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/390504}, PUBLISHER = {IEEE (New York, USA)}, ISBN = {978-1-5386-4385-3}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {IEEE-CIST2018 LED-ICT}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Marrakech, Morocco}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {21-27/10/2018}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2018_INPROCEEDINGS_MFNBBP_388016, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Nahli, O. and Belik, P. and Bompolas, S. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Evaluating Inflectional Complexity Crosslinguistically: a Processing Perspective}, YEAR = {2018}, ABSTRACT = {The paper provides a cognitively motivated method for evaluating the inflectional complexity of a language, based on a sample of "raw" inflected word forms processed and learned by a recurrent self-organising neural network with fixed parameter setting. Training items contain no information about either morphological content or structure. This makes the proposed method independent of both meta-linguistic issues (e.g. format and expressive power of descriptive rules, manual or automated segmentation of input forms, number of inflectional classes etc.) and language-specific typological aspects (e.g. word-based, stem-based or template-based morphology). Results are illustrated by contrasting Arabic, English, German, Greek, Italian and Spanish.}, KEYWORDS = {paradigm-based morphology, inflectional complexity, prediction-based processing, recurrent self-organising networks, Statistical And Machine Learning Methods, Language Modelling}, PAGES = {3860-3866}, URL = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2018/summaries/745.html}, VOLUME = {2018}, PUBLISHER = {European language resources association (ELRA) (Paris, FRA)}, ISBN = {979-10-95546-00-9}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Miyazaki, Japan}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {7-12/05/2018}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)}, EDITOR = {Calzolari, N. and Choukri, K. and Cieri, C. and Declerck, T. and Goggi, S. and Hasida, K. and Isahara, H. and Maegaard, B. and Mariani, J. and Mazo, H. and Moreno, A. and Odijk, J. and Piperidis, S. and Tokunaga, T.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{CAPPA_2018_INPROCEEDINGS_CFGMNCP_396593, AUTHOR = {Cappa, C. and Ferro, M. and Giulivi, S. and Marzi, C. and Nahli, O. and Cardillo, F. A. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {ReadLet: piattaforma ICT per valutare l'efficienza di lettura}, YEAR = {2018}, ABSTRACT = {ReadLet è una piattaforma ICT pensata per valutare accuratamente l'efficienza di lettura nei bambini della scuola primaria. Combina tecnologia ICT portatile e cloud-computing con una serie di moduli software, specifici per modalità di somministrazione. Questi, implementati come servizi web, includono: i) valutazione dell'elaborazione del testo e della leggibilità; ii) valutazione della velocità di lettura (ad alta voce e silente) e delle sue fluttuazioni); iii) valutazione della correttezza della decodifica ad alta voce; iv) valutazione della comprensione del testo (in lettura silente e da ascolto). Un prototipo della tecnologia ReadLet è stato sperimentato su circa 200 alunni (8-11 anni), che variano per stato socio-economico, lingua (italiana, francese, araba) e area geografica (Italia, Svizzera, Marocco). L'utilizzo del tablet per la lettura è stato percepito dai bambini come un'esperienza coinvolgente e piacevole. Gli insegnanti hanno trovato lo strumento facile da utilizzare e in grado di fornire maggiori informazioni rispetto agli strumenti tradizionali.}, KEYWORDS = {leggere per capire, disturbi del linguaggio, screening}, URL = {https://www.airipa.it/congresso/pluginfile.php/2781/mod_resource/content/1/Programma%20Congresso%20AIRIPA_Arezzo_dettagliato-3.pdf}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {XXVII Congresso Nazionale AIRIPA}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Arezzo (Italy)}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {28-29/09/2018}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{FERRO_2018_INPROCEEDINGS_FCGMCP_396591, AUTHOR = {Ferro, M. and Cappa, C. and Giulivi, S. and Marzi, C. and Cardillo, F. A. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {ReadLet: an ICT platform for the assessment of reading efficiency in early graders}, YEAR = {2018}, ABSTRACT = {Reading is not just word decoding, but the joint product of decoding and deep linguistic comprehension [ 1 , 2 ]. Effective linguistic comprehension relies on language skills such as semantic and syntactic awareness. Both decoding and linguistic comprehension are necessary for reading comprehension, and neither is by itself sufficient [ 2 ]. However, current protocols for reading assessment measure decoding (reading accuracy and speed) and reading comprehension separately [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. This does not allow evaluation of reading efficiency [ 6 ], defined as the ability to fully understand connected texts by minimising reading time, a cognitive ability that lies at the roots of students' academic achievement [ 8 , 7 ]. ReadLet is an ICT platform specifically designed to provide accurate, evidence-based assessment of reading efficiency in early grade children, by offering an ecological, non-invasive protocol for extensive data elicitation, storage and analysis. With ReadLet, early graders at school can read a one or two page text displayed on a tablet touchscreen, either silently or aloud. Children are asked to slide their finger across the words as they read, to guide directional tracking. After reading, the child is prompted with a few multiple-answer questions on text content presented one at a time, while the text remains displayed on the screen for the child to be able to retrieve relevant information. In the process, the tablet keeps track of time-aligned multimodal data: voice recording, finger sliding time, time of reading, time of question answering, and number of correct answers. Data are recorded, stored locally, sent to the ReadLet server through an internet connection, and processed remotely by a battery of cloud-based services, analysing data automatically to produce a detailed quantitative signature of each reading session. A server-based database aggregates anonymised data to make them available for specialists. Also individual's longitudinal profiles are stored, for them be queried and inspected upon authorised access. The platform combines portable ICT technology and cloud computing with a number of modality-specific software modules, implemented as web services including: i) a text processing and readability assessment service, consisting in a battery of tools for automated linguistic annotation of written texts and a machine-learning component assigning a readability score to annotated texts [ 9 ]; ii) a finger touch processing service aligning the child's finger sliding with the written text and measuring speed fluctuations; iii) a speech processing and decoding assessment service, aligning the acoustic record of child's reading with the written text and assessing correctness of recoding [ 10 ]. At the time of writing, the platform includes the first two modules only. Preliminary testing of a prototype version of ReadLet technology with a population of about 200 pupils aged 8 to 11, both male and female, varying for socio-economic status, language (Italian, French and Arabic) and geographical area (Italy and Morocco), showed that children are extremely responsive to using a tablet for reading, and very easy to engage in what they perceive as an enjoyable experience. We expect online databases of automatically classified cross-sectional and longitudinal data, accurate statistical modelling and developmental trends of reading literacy to help education professionals and clinical specialists assess the level of reading skills reached by the child, and decide which intervention programmes and measures are most appropriate. While information technology cannot and should not supplant the role and professional judgement of teachers and therapists, the project intends to provide portable tools, models and data for timely screening and daily management of reading difficulties and disorders.}, KEYWORDS = {reading efficiency, decoding, comprehension, language specific disorders}, PAGES = {61-61}, URL = {https://mentallexicon2018.ca/}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {11th International Conference on the Mental Lexicon}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Edmonton, Alberta (Canada)}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {25-28/09/2018}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2018_INPROCEEDINGS_MFP_396356, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Is inflectional irregularity dysfunctional to human processing?}, YEAR = {2018}, ABSTRACT = {Regularly inflected verb forms are classically associated with the formal transparency and predictability of their internal constituents [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Transparency ensures that full forms can be segmented uniquely into their internal constituents: as in walk-s/walk-ed. Predictability allows for a speaker to fill in an empty paradigm cell, using information from other known forms of the same lexical paradigm and its inflection macro-class. From this perspective, irregulars appear to be dysfunctional to the human processing system, as they make it hard to infer - say - bought from buy , or segment bought appropriately into its constituent parts. Likewise, an influential psycholinguistic tradition relegates irregulars to the lexical store, whereas regulars are segmented by rules into their simpler constituents [ 4 , 5 ]. Here, we offer a few reasons for questioning this view. First, transparency and predictability are not dichotomous notions. Secondly, their influence on processing is not unidirectional. Unpredictable stems in irregularly inflected forms of complex inflectional systems provide a lot of processing information, by dynamically constraining the number of possible alternative endings during serial processing. Thirdly, acquisition of word inflection does not consist in associating co-occurring cues and outcomes, but in discriminating between multiple cues that are constantly in competition for their predictive value for a given outcome. We present the results of a few computer simulations with Self-organising Recurrent Neural Networks (TSOMs, [ 8 , 9 ]) that learn how to inflect high-frequency verb paradigms in 6 languages: English, German, Italian, Modern Greek, Modern Standard Arabic and Spanish. After training, each TSOM was tested on a word recognition (serial recoding) and a word production (serial recall) task, and results were analysed with generalised regression models. Processing uncertainty is differently apportioned on regulars and irregulars, depending on the nature of the processing task. While irregulars are harder to produce when they are unknown because they typically have fewer neighbours than regulars have, they are readily accessed once they are acquired, for exactly the same reason. Our data are in line with psycholinguistic evidence [ 10 , 11 ] that lexical processing is paced by two types of uniqueness point: Marslen-Wilson's Uniqueness Point (UP), distinguishing unrelated onset-overlapping words [ 12 ], and the Complex Uniqueness Point (CUP), distinguishing paradigmatically-related words [ 11 ]. Late UPs are inhibitory and elicit prolonged reaction times in acoustic word recognition, explaining an early delay in word recognition of irregular stems. Similarly, late CUPs are inhibitory, and this accounts for a slowdown in the processing advantage of regulars, compared to irregulars, after UP. These structural factors interact in a variety of ways and concurrently affect human processing, to show that irregularly-inflected forms may in fact reflect communicative and processing constraints of the word processor. They provide strong evidence against a processing architecture that assumes compartmentalized, independent processing routes for some specific combinations of these factors (e.g. a rule-based route for a combination of transparency and predictability, and a memory-based route for all other combinations). In addition, they seem incompatible with Bayesian approaches to auditory word comprehension ignoring a word's internal structure [ 13 ]. We suggest that a different design of the human language processor, based on a computational architecture integrating memory and processing as two different dynamics of the same underlying mechanism, can shed light on the complexity of inflection, and vindicate the role of irregular inflection in the system.}, KEYWORDS = {inflectional processing, temporal self organizing maps, letter prediction, morpheme boundary}, PAGES = {60-60}, URL = {https://mentallexicon2018.ca/}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {11th International Conference on the Mental Lexicon}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Edmonton, Alberta (Canada)}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {25-28/09/2018}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{PIRRELLI_2018_INPROCEEDINGS_PFMGSM_396353, AUTHOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Gagné, C. and Spalding, T. and Marelli, M.}, TITLE = {Processing compounds: what frequency (alone) cannot explain}, YEAR = {2018}, ABSTRACT = {Observed elevation in typing latency for the initial letter of the second constituent of an English compound, compared with the typing time of the final letter of the first constituent (Gagné \& Spalding 2016), suggests that both compounds ( snowball ) and pseudo-compounds ( carpet ) are decomposed but also that full form representations are available in the lexical store. To gain further insight into the lexical representations underlying typing, we used computational modelling. In particular, we used superpositional models of word memory, based on Self-Organising Recurrent Maps (TSOMs) (Ferro et al. 2016; Marzi et al. 2016), where both simple and compound words are processed (and stored) using the same pool of processing (and memory) resources, to model the elevation in typing time at the constituent boundary and the rate of typing. In addition, we also considered models based in the Compositional Distributional Semantics framework (CAOSS, Marelli et al. 2017), to simulate independent effects of semantic transparency on compound typing (Gagné \& Spalding 2016). Due to co-activation and competition between compounds and their constituent words in TSOMs, levels of activation of processing nodes per letter positions appear to reflect degrees of context-sensitive predictability: the higher the level, the more expected the letter in that position. In English compounds, activation levels appeared to exhibit a characteristically U-shaped pattern, with min values centred on the constituent boundary. A similar pattern was found for pseudo-compounds, which nonetheless present a less pronounced U-shaped pattern and a higher activation value at the morpheme boundary than compounds do. The difference is in line with the higher speed-up rate in typing pseudo-compounds than compounds reported in Gagné and Spalding (2016). TSOMs were trained on letter-based representations, so computer experiments could simulate peripheral effects of serial processing of compound structure before lexical access. To investigate post-lexical issues, we also tested computational models of generation of the meanings of novel compounds based on CAOSS, which proved to be able to account for well-established relational effects in compound processing (Gagné 2001; Gagné \& Shoben 1997) with an unsupervised data-driven framework (Marelli et al. 2017). We ran a mixed-effects regression analysis of the data in Gagné and Spalding (2016) using vector-semantics estimates and TSOM activation levels to predict typing time for the initial letter of the second constituent. There was a negative effect of TSOM letter activation levels: i.e. the more active a letter node is, the faster a subject is at typing the letter ( t =-2.7 p =.007). Also, there was a positive effect of CAOSS-based compositionality estimates: i.e. the more easily a compound's lexicalized meaning can be obtained through compositional operations on single constituent vectors, the slower participants were at typing the first letter of the second constituent ( t =2.4, p =.017). These results have interesting implications for an integrative computational architecture accounting for the whole range of experimental evidence reported by Gagné and Spalding (2016). In particular we will focus on evidence of a stronger competition (and longer typing time) in Transparent-Transparent and Transparent-Opaque compounds, vs. Opaque-Transparent compounds, which gives an indication of a non-trivial interaction between semantic compositionality and serial processing effects.}, KEYWORDS = {compound processing, Temporal Self-organizing Map, letter production latency, constituent boundary}, PAGES = {60-60}, URL = {https://mentallexicon2018.ca/}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {11th International Conference on the Mental Lexicon}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Edmonton (Canada)}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {25-28/09/2018}, } @ARTICLE{BOMPOLAS_2017_ARTICLE_BFMCP_380237, AUTHOR = {Bompolas, S. and Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Cardillo, F. A. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {For a performance-oriented notion of regularity in inflection: the case of Modern Greek conjugation}, YEAR = {2017}, ABSTRACT = {Paradigm-based approaches to word processing/learning assume that word forms are not acquired in isolation, but through associative relations linking members of the same word family (e.g. a paradigm, or a set of forms filling the same paradigm cell). Principles of correlative learning offer a set of equations that are key to modelling this complex dynamic at a considerable level of detail. We use these equations to simulate acquisition of Modern Greek conjugation, and we compare the results with evidence from German and Italian. Simulations show that different Greek verb classes are processed and acquired differentially, as a function of their degrees of formal transparency and predictability. We relate these results to psycholinguistic evidence of Modern Greek word processing, and interpret our findings as supporting a view of the mental lexicon as an emergent integrative system.}, KEYWORDS = {paradigm-based morphology, gradient (ir)regularity, recurrent self-organisng networks}, PAGES = {77-92}, URL = {http://www.ai-lc.it/IJCoL/v3n1/IJCOL_3_1_5_bompolas_et_al.pdf?v=2a47ad90f2ae}, VOLUME = {3}, PUBLISHER = {aAccademia University Press, Torino (Italia)}, ISSN = {2499-4553}, JOURNAL = {Italian Journal of Computational Linguistics}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2017_ARTICLE_MFN_363116, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Nahli, O.}, TITLE = {Arabic word processing and morphology induction through adaptive memory self-organisation strategies}, YEAR = {2017}, ABSTRACT = {Aim of the present study is to model the human mental lexicon, by focussing on storage and processing dynamics, as lexical organisation relies on the process of input recoding and adaptive strategies for long-term memory organisation. A fundamental issue in word processing is represented by the emergence of the morphological organisation level in the lexicon, based on paradigmatic relations between fully-stored word forms. Morphology induction can be defined as the task of perceiving and identifying morphological formatives within morphologically complex word forms, as a function of the dynamic interaction between lexical representations and distribution and degrees of regularity in lexical data. In the computational framework we propose here (TSOMs), based on Self-Organising Maps with Hebbian connections defined over a temporal layer, the identification/perception of surface morphological relations involves the alignment of recoded representations of morphologically-related input words. Facing a non-concatenative morphology such as the Arabic inflectional system prompts a reappraisal of morphology induction through adaptive organisation strategies, which affect both lexical representations and long-term storage. We will show how a strongly adaptive self-organisation during training is conducive to emergent relations between word forms, which are concurrently, redundantly and competitively stored in human mental lexicon, and to generalising knowledge of stored words to unknown forms.}, KEYWORDS = {Non-concatenative morphological structure, Lexical storage and access, Topological alignment, Synchronisation, Self-Organising Maps}, PAGES = {179-188}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157816301148}, VOLUME = {29}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.11.006}, PUBLISHER = {Elsevier (Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi)}, ISSN = {2213-1248}, JOURNAL = {Journal of King Saud University. Computer and information sciences (Online)}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{CARDILLO_2017_INPROCEEDINGS_CFMP_381090, AUTHOR = {Cardillo, F. A. and Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {How "deep" is learning word inflection?}, YEAR = {2017}, ABSTRACT = {Machine learning offers two basic strategies for morphology induction: lexical segmentation and surface word relation. The first one assumes that words can be segmented into morphemes. Inducing a novel inflected form requires identification of morphemic constituents and a strategy for their recombination. The second approach dispenses with segmentation: lexical representations form part of a network of associatively related inflected forms. Production of a novel form consists in filling in one empty node in the network. Here, we present the results of a recurrent LSTM network that learns to fill in paradigm cells of incomplete verb paradigms. Although the process is not based on morpheme segmentation, the model shows sensitivity to stem selection and stem-ending boundaries.}, KEYWORDS = {LSTM, Morphology induction, Cognitive modelling}, PAGES = {77-82}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-85037368972\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {2006}, DOI = {10.4000/books.aaccademia.2314}, PUBLISHER = {Accademia University Press (Torino, ITA)}, ISSN = {1613-0073}, ISBN = {978-88-99982-76-8}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Fourth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Roma}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {11-13/12/2017}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Fourth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2017)}, EDITOR = {Basili, R. and Nissim, M. and Satta, G.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{BOMPOLAS_2017_INPROCEEDINGS_BMFCPR_381125, AUTHOR = {Bompolas, S. and Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Cardillo, F. A. and Pirrelli, V. and Ralli, A.}, TITLE = {Transparency and predictability in Modern Greek conjugation: Implications for models of word processing}, YEAR = {2017}, ABSTRACT = {We argue that the Greek evidence calls for a substantial revision of the clear-cut interaction between transparency/predictability and regularity, to make room for a more process-oriented notion of regularity. According to this view, regularity is no longer an epiphenomenon of the design of the human language faculty and the purported dualism between rule-based and memory-based routes, but the graded result of the varying interaction of several structural factors concurrently affecting the human word processor.}, KEYWORDS = {Inflectional regularity, Word Processing, Modern Greek Conjugation}, PAGES = {17-19}, URL = {http://www.lilec.it/mmm/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Book-of-abstracts_MMM11_Final.pdf}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {MMM 11: 11th Mediterranean Morphology Meeting}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Cyprus}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {22-25/06/2017}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{PIRRELLI_2017_INPROCEEDINGS_PMFC_381117, AUTHOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Cardillo, F. A.}, TITLE = {Paradigm Relative Entropy and Discriminative Learning}, YEAR = {2017}, ABSTRACT = {In the present contribution, we show that principles of discriminative learning of symbolic time series go a long way in accounting for these effects, thus making an important contribution to our understanding of the human lexical processor and its sensitivity to word distributions both within and across paradigms.}, KEYWORDS = {Paradigm Entropy, Discriminative Learning, Mental Lexicon, Verb Inflection}, PAGES = {5}, URL = {http://w3.erss.univ-tlse2.fr/ParadigMo2017/program.html}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {ParadigMo 2017: First Workshop on Paradigmatic Word Formation Modeling}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Toulouse}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {19-20/06/2017}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2016_ARTICLE_MFCP_360723, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Cardillo, F. A. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Effects of frequency and regularity in an integrative model of word storage and processing}, YEAR = {2016}, ABSTRACT = {Considerable evidence has accrued on the role of paradigms as both theoretical and cognitive structures regimenting the way words are processed and acquired. The evidence supports a view of the lexicon as an emergent integrative system, where word forms are concurrently and competitively stored as repeatedly successful processing patterns, and on-line processing crucially depends on the internal organisation of stored patterns.}, KEYWORDS = {Lexical access, word recall, serial processing, parallel activation, inflectional paradigms, mental lexicon}, PAGES = {79-114}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84986550295\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {28}, PUBLISHER = {Pacini (Ospedaletto, Italia)}, ISSN = {1120-2726}, JOURNAL = {Rivista di Linguistica}, } @EDITORIAL{MARZI_2016_EDITORIAL_MP_360724, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Word knowledge and word usage: A Foreword}, YEAR = {2016}, ABSTRACT = {This special issue, together with its companion issue to appear in Lingue e Linguaggio, stems from the NetWordS Final Conference Word knowledge and word usage: representations and processes in the mental lexicon.* The conference, held on the 30th and 31st of March, and the 1st of April 2015 in Pisa, concluded the 4-year NetWordS project, the European Network of Word Structure funded by the European Science Foundation within the Research Networking Programme. In line with the highly multidisciplinary profile of NetWordS agenda, the conference offered a comprehensive and inclusive forum focussing on two main lines of lexical inquiry: (i) usage-based approaches to bootstrapping word form and structure (morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactic issues), including: acquisition of lexical categories, emergence of morphological structure, lexical memories, anticipatory prediction-based mechanisms of word recognition, word production, frequency-based models of lexical productivity, word encoding, models of lexical architecture, family-based effects in word processing, word reading and writing; (ii) usage-based approaches to word meanings (lexical semantics and pragmatics in morphologically simple and complex words), including: distributional semantics, compound interpretation, concept composition and coercion, conceptualization of perception and action, time and space in the lexicon, metonymy and metaphor, lexico-semantic relations, perceptual grounding and embodied cognition, context-based and encyclopedic knowledge, semantic association and categorization. The multidisciplinary focus on word knowledge and word usage promoted by the Conference led participants to openly discuss an impressive range of approaches and empirical data: priming and lexical decision in a number of contexts, distributional semantics and models of semantic composition, neural networks, machine learning and mathematical modelling of empirical evidence, as well as their neuro-biological and neuro-functional correlates.}, KEYWORDS = {word knowledge, word usage, mental lexicon, interdisciplinary approach, NetWordS}, PAGES = {3-6}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84986558643\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {28. 1}, PUBLISHER = {Pacini (Pisa, ITA)}, } @EDITORIAL{MARZI_2016_EDITORIAL_MP_360725, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Word knowledge and word usage: A foreword}, YEAR = {2016}, ABSTRACT = {This special issue, together with its companion issue to appear in Italian Journal of Linguistics, stems from the NetWordS Final Conference "Word knowledge and word usage: representations and processes in the mental lexicon". The conference, held on the 30th and 31st of March, and the 1st of April 2015 in Pisa, concluded the 4-year NetWordS project, the European Network of Word Structure funded by the European Science Foundation within the Research Networking Programme. In line with the highly multidisciplinary profile of NetWordS agenda, the conference offered a comprehensive and inclusive forum focussing on two main lines of lexical inquiry: (i) usage-based approaches to bootstrapping word form and structure (morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactic issues), including: acquisition of lexical categories, emergence of morphological structure, lexical memories, anticipatory prediction-based mechanisms of word recognition, word production, frequency-based models of lexical productivity, word encoding, models of lexical architecture, family-based effects in word processing, word reading and writing; (ii) usage-based approaches to word meanings (lexical semantics and pragmatics in morphologically simple and complex words), including: distributional semantics, compound interpretation, concept composition and coercion, conceptualization of perception and action, time and space in the lexicon, metonymy and metaphor, lexico-semantic relations, perceptual grounding and embodied cognition, context-based and encyclopedic knowledge, semantic association and categorization. The multidisciplinary focus on word knowledge and word usage promoted by the Conference led participants to openly discuss an impressive range of approaches and empirical data: priming and lexical decision in a number of contexts, distributional semantics and models of semantic composition, neural networks, machine learning and mathematical modelling of empirical evidence, as well as their neuro-biological and neuro-functional correlates. It is widely acknowledged that looking at the same problem from different angles has an additive effect on the impact of current language research. Certainly more can be achieved, however, if, rather than simply adding more perspectives on the same subject, with individual research efforts staying within the boundaries of single knowledge domains, scholars manage to integrate them into a boundary-shifting methodological perspective. When psycholinguistic evidence from humans is successfully replicated algorithmically through a computational model implementing a few well-understood principles of time-series processing, we are in a position to empirically assess what input conditions favour memorisation and acquisition of symbolic strings by the model, and test these algorithmic predictions back on human subjects, thus going full circle. This may have a multiplicative effect on current research, providing not only mathematical modelling of present behavioural evidence, but amounting to fully explanatory mechanisms. Our current understanding of WHERE and WHEN some cognitive processes are implemented in the brain will be complemented by knowledge of WHAT information they rely on and HOW they integrate it. Other compelling examples of the full potential of cross-disciplinary integration can be found in the present volume and in the twin issue of Italian Journal of Linguistics. As a general point, we contend that only by putting single-domain acquisitions into the wider context of human communication, and developing an interdisciplinary framework whereby each specialist will take advantage of insights from other disciplines, we can make substantial progress in our understanding of the lexical roots of human verbal communication in real contexts. The edited selection of papers presented here provides a representative sample of the range of approaches debated at the NetWordS Pisa Conference, by way of illustration of how aspects of knowledge integration and methodological innovation can be put at the service of a better understanding of broad lexical issues.}, KEYWORDS = {word knowledge, word usage, interdisciplinary approach, mental lexicon, NetWordS}, PAGES = {3-6}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84978285090\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {XV. 1}, DOI = {10.1418/83651}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino (Bologna, ITA)}, ISBN = {978-88-15-26226-4}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{BOMPOLAS_2016_INPROCEEDINGS_BMFCP_362297, AUTHOR = {Bompolas, S. and Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Cardillo, F. A. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Reassessing inflectional regularity in Modern Greek conjugation}, YEAR = {2016}, ABSTRACT = {Paradigm-based approaches to word processing/learning assume that word forms are not acquired in isolation, but through associative relations linking members of the same word family (e.g. a paradigm, or a set of forms filling the same paradigm cell). Principles of correlative learning offer a set of dynamic equations that are key to modelling this complex dynamic at a considerable level of detail. We use these dynamic equations to simulate acquisition of Modern Greek conjugation, and we compare the results with evidence from German and Italian. Simulations show that different Greek verb classes are processed and acquired differentially, depending on their degrees of formal transparency and predictability. We relate these results to psycholinguistic evidence on Modern Greek word processing, and interpret our findings as supporting a view of the mental lexicon as an emergent integrative system.}, KEYWORDS = {word processing, paradigm-based learning, morphological processing, Greek stem allomoprhy, Temporal Self-Organising Map}, PAGES = {72-77}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-85009242702\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {1749}, DOI = {10.4000/books.aaccademia.1721}, PUBLISHER = {Accademia University Press (Torino, ITA)}, ISSN = {1613-0073}, ISBN = {978-88-99982-08-9}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2016) \& Fifth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2016)}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Napoli, Italy}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {05-07/12/2016}, BOOKTITLE = {CLiC-it \& EVALITA 2016-Proceedings of Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2016) \& Fifth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2016)}, EDITOR = {Basile, P. and Corazza, A. and Monetmagni, S. and Nissim, M. and Patti, V. and Semeraro, G. and Sprugnoli, R.}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2015_ARTICLE_MP_346413, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {A Neuro-Computational Approach to Understanding the Mental Lexicon}, YEAR = {2015}, ABSTRACT = {Human lexical knowledge does not appear to be organised to minimise storage, but rather to maximise processing efficiency. The way lexical information is stored reflects the way it is dynamically processed, accessed and retrieved. A detailed analysis of the way words are memorised, of the dynamic interaction between lexical representations and distribution and degrees of regularity in input data, can shed some light on the emergence of structures and relations within fully-stored words. We believe that a bottom-up investigation of low-level memory and processing functions can help understand the cognitive mechanisms that govern word processing in the mental lexicon. Neuro-computational models can play an important role in this inquiry, as they help understand the dynamic nature of lexical representations by establishing an explanatory connection between lexical structures and processing models dictated by the micro-functions of human brain. Starting from some linguistic, psycholinguistic and neuro-physiological evidence supporting a dynamic view of the mental lexicon as an integrative system, we illustrate Temporal Self Organising-Maps (TSOMs), artificial neural networks that can model such a view by memorising time series of symbolic units (words) as routinized patterns of short-term node activation. On the basis of a simple pool of principles of adaptive Hebbian synchronisation, TSOMs can perceive possible surface relations between word forms and store them by partially overlapping activation patterns, reflecting gradient levels of lexical specificity, from holistic to decompositional lexical representations. We believe that TSOMs offer an algorithmic model of the emergence of high-level, global and language-specific morphological structure through the working of low-level, language-aspecific processing functions, thus promising to bridge the persisting gap between high-level principles of grammar architecture (lexicon vs. rules), computational correlates (storage vs. processing) and low-level principles and localisations of brain functions. Extensions of the current TSOM architecture are envisaged and their theoretical implications are discussed.}, KEYWORDS = {Mental lexicon dynamic storage parallel distributed processing hebbian learning temporal self-organising maps}, PAGES = {493-535}, URL = {http://jcs.snu.ac.kr/jcs/issue/vol16/no4/05+Marzi+and+Pirrelli.pdf}, VOLUME = {16}, PUBLISHER = {Institute for cognitive science, Seoul national university (Seoul, Corea del Sud)}, ISSN = {1976-6939}, JOURNAL = {Journal of cognitive science (Seoul. Online)}, } @INCOLLECTION{PIRRELLI_2015_INCOLLECTION_PFM_330234, AUTHOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Ferro, M. and Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Computational complexity of abstractive morphology}, YEAR = {2015}, ABSTRACT = {Abstractive and constructive approaches to word structure make radically different assumptions concerning nature and role of the building blocks that make up a speaker's morphological competence. In this contribution, we show that the two views are also computationally different. In particular, we contend that a number of problems arising in connection with a subsymbolic implementation of the constructive view (as epitomised by classical multi-layered perceptrons) are tackled effectively, or disappear altogether, in a neurally-inspired implementation of associative networks, resting on key-notions such as self-organization and emergence. A particular variant of Kohonen's Self-Organizing Map is introduced as a model to explore and assess the implications of an abstractive approach in terms of its computational complexity. Details of the model (Temporal Self-Organizing Map, TSOM) and experimental data are shown to illustrate the interplay between processing and storage in language acquisition.}, KEYWORDS = {Word processing, computational complexity, mental lexicon, dynamic memories, self-organisation, word structure, morphology}, PAGES = {141-166}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84938781714\&origin=inward}, DOI = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723769.003.0008}, PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press (Oxford, GBR)}, ISBN = {978-0-19-872376-9}, BOOKTITLE = {Understanding and Measuring Mprphological Complexity}, EDITOR = {Baerman, M. and Brown, D. and Corbett, G. G.}, } @EDITORIAL{PIRRELLI_2015_EDITORIAL_PMF_329357, AUTHOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Marzi, C. and Ferro, M.}, TITLE = {Proceedings of the NetWordS Final Conference on Word Knowledge and Word Usage: Representations and Processes in the Mental Lexicon}, YEAR = {2015}, ABSTRACT = {The international conference "Word Knowledge and Word Usage: Representations and processes in the mental lexicon" is the final outcome of 4 years of intense multi-disciplinary research networking and cooperation funded by the European Science Foundation within the framework of the NetWordS programme (May 2011 - April 2015). NetWordS' mission was to bring together experts of various research fields (from brain sciences and computing to cognition and linguistics) and of different theoretical inclinations, to advance the current awareness of theoretical, typological, psycholinguistic, computational and neurophysiological evidence on the structure and processing of words, with a view to developing novel research paradigms and bringing up a new generation of language scholars. The conference was intended to provide a first forum for assessing current progress of crossdisciplinary research on language architecture and usage, and discussing prospects of future synergy. People are known to memorise, parse and access words in a context-sensitive and opportunistic way, by caching their most habitual and productive processing patterns into routinized behavioural schemes. Speakers not only take advantage of token-based information such as frequency of individual, holistically stored words, but they are also able to organise stored words through paradigmatic structures (or word families) whose overall size and frequency is an important determinant of ease of lexical access and interpretation. Accordingly, lexical organisation is not necessarily functional to descriptive economy and minimisation of storage, but to more performance-oriented factors such as efficiency of memorisation, access and recall. Usage-based approaches to word processing lend support to this view, to promote explanatory frameworks that aim to investigate the stable correlation patterns linking distributional entrenchment of lexical units with productivity, internal structure and ease of interpretation. Ultimately, this is intended to establish a deep interconnection between performance-oriented,low-level lexical functions such as memorisation, rehearsal, access and recall, and their neuroanatomical correlates.}, KEYWORDS = {mental lexicon, linguistics, brain sciences, psycholinguistics, computing, cognition}, PAGES = {1-189}, URL = {http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1347/}, VOLUME = {1347}, PUBLISHER = {CEUR-WS. org (Aachen, DEU)}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{FERRO_2015_INPROCEEDINGS_FMP_331183, AUTHOR = {Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Lexical parsability and morphological structure}, YEAR = {2015}, ABSTRACT = {A classical tenet in the psycholinguistic literature on the mental lexicon is that a parsed affix presents high activation levels (and thus contributes to activation spreading to other words with the same affix), and that such levels are tightly correlated with the affix productivity. In a number of influential papers, it has been suggested that parsability criteria interact with frequency to define morphological productivity in the lexicon. For example, the frequency of a derivative (e.g. government) relative to its base (govern) is shown to be a good predictor for parsability/productivity. The higher the frequency ratio, the more likely the morphological structure to be perceived, and the associated affix to be used productively. The present contribution intends to offer a computational explanatory basis for this correlational evidence, and assess its applicability to the acquisition of complex inflectional paradigms. In those languages, like Italian and German, whose inflection is stem-based rather than word-based, there is often no single paradigmatic form which can act as a base by being properly contained in all other inflected variants. Yet, it seems intuitive to suggest that verbs that are inflected for one paradigm cell only (e.g. neighbouring), are learned earlier and more easily but exhibit lower levels of perceived inflectional structure than verbs with richer paradigms. This appears to be in good accord with experimental evidence of time latencies in lexical decision, which are shown to correlate negatively with token frequency, paradigm size and paradigm entropy. Our simulations, based on Temporal Self-Organizing Maps (TSOMs) allow us to establish an interesting connection between inflectional parsability, frequency-based paradigm structure, and acquisitional constraints on the interaction between the human processor and working memory. Self-organising topological models of the mental lexicon can mimic the spatial and temporal organization of memory structures supporting the processing of symbolic sequences, and can provide an interesting framework for testing integrative accounts of lexical processing/acquisition as the complex result of general-purpose operations on word stimuli (e.g. working memory, long-term storage, sensory-motor mapping, rehearsal, unit integration, unit analysis, executive control, time-series processing), in line with recent acquisitions on the neuro-functional architecture of the perisylvian language network in the left hemisphere of human brain. Simulations of the incremental acquisition of "mini-paradigms" (small islands of morphological contrast encompassing up to three different forms for the same verb support the hypothesis that perception of structure (parsability) and morphological productivity strongly correlate in the inflectional lexica of German and Italian. In particular, by monitoring longitudinal progress in storage and generalisation of differently distributed inflectional paradigms in the two languages, we show that: i) high-frequency forms are stored and accessed significantly earlier than low-frequency forms; ii) deeply entrenched but paradigmatically isolated forms tend to block usage of other forms in the same paradigm; iii) low-frequency evenly distributed (highly entropic) intra-paradigmatic forms are acquired later but are easily extended. Our investigation credits the proposed computational framework with psycholinguistic plausibility, and grounds parsability-based models of morphological productivity on a specific, explicit proposal of lexical architecture. This provides an explanatory basis for both psycholinguistic and linguistic accounts of morphological structure, and offers an intermediate framework for scientific inquiry bridging the gap between linguistic units and functional units in neurosciences. Finally, it makes the interesting suggestion that principles of morpheme-based organisation of the mental lexicon are compatible with a learning strategy requiring memorisation of full forms.}, KEYWORDS = {morphological structure, word processing, token/type frequency}, PAGES = {22-37}, URL = {http://mmm.lis.upatras.gr/index.php/mmm/issue/view/293/showToc}, PUBLISHER = {Università degli Studi di Bologna (Bologna, Italia)}, ISSN = {1826-7491}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Morphology and Semantics-Ninth Mediterranean Morphology Meeting}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Dubrovnik (Croatia)}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {15-18/09/2013}, BOOKTITLE = {Morphology and Semantics}, EDITOR = {Audring, J. and Koutsoukos, N. and Masini, F. and Raffaelli, I.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2015_INPROCEEDINGS_MFP_329352, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Lexical emergentism and the "frequency-by-regularity" interaction}, YEAR = {2015}, ABSTRACT = {In spite of considerable converging evidence of the role of inflectional paradigms in word acquisition and processing, little efforts have been put so far into providing detailed, algorithmic models of the interaction between lexical token frequency, paradigm frequency, paradigm regularity. We propose a neurocomputational account of this interaction, and discuss some theoretical implications of preliminary experimental results.}, KEYWORDS = {morphological strucutre, frequency distribution, temporal self-orgabnising maps}, PAGES = {37-41}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84927156830\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {1347}, PUBLISHER = {M. Jeusfeld c/o Redaktion Sun SITE, Informatik V, RWTH Aachen (Aachen, Germania)}, ISSN = {1613-0073}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {NetWordS Final Conference on Word Knowledge and Word Usage: Representations and Processes in the Mental Lexicon}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Pisa (Italy)}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {30-31/03 01/04 2015}, BOOKTITLE = {Word Knowledge and Word Usage 2015}, EDITOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Marzi, C. and Ferro, M.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{PIRRELLI_2015_INPROCEEDINGS_PNBDM_333414, AUTHOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Nahli, O. and Boschetti, F. and Del Gratta, R. and Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Computational Linguistics and Language Physiology: Insights from Arabic NLP and Cooperative Editing}, YEAR = {2015}, ABSTRACT = {Computer processing of written Arabic raises a number of challenges to traditional parsing architectures on many levels of linguistic analysis. In this contribution, we review some of these core issues and the demands they make, to suggest different strategies to successfully tackle them. In the end, we assess these issues in connection with the behaviour of neuro-biologically inspired lexical architectures known as Temporal Self-Organising Maps. We show that, far from being language-specific problems, issues in Arabic processing can shed light on some fundamental characteristics of the human language processor, such as structure-based lexical recoding, concurrent, competitive activation of output candidates and dynamic selection of optimal solutions.}, KEYWORDS = {Non-concatenative morphology, Optical Character Recognition, WordNet, Temporal Self-organising Maps, Mental Lexicon, Language neuro-physiology}, PAGES = {1-8}, URL = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2802612}, DOI = {10.1145/2802612.2802637}, ISBN = {978-1-4503-3295-8}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Third AIUCD Annual Conference-Humanities and Their Methods in the Digital Ecosystem}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Bologna (IT)}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {18-19/09/2014}, BOOKTITLE = {Third AIUCD Annual Conference-Humanities and Their Methods in the Digital Ecosystem}, EDITOR = {Tomasi, F. and Del Turco, R. R. and Tammaro, A. M.}, } @TECHREPORT{MARZI_2015_TECHREPORT_M_330235, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Word knowledge and word usage-Representations and processes in the mental lexicon}, YEAR = {2015}, ABSTRACT = {The final NetWordS Conference, held on the 30th and 31st of March, and 1st of April 2015 in Pisa, was convened by Prof. Pier Marco Bertinetto, Dr. Vito Pirrelli and Dr. Claudia Marzi, and brought together 91 participants (scholars, Post-Docs, PhD students) from numerous European, and some non-European, countries. A 3-day schedule involved all participants in a focused, cross-disciplinary discussion on representations and processes in the mental lexicon. People are known to understand, memorise and parse words in a context-sensitive, opportunistic way, by caching their most habitual and productive processing patterns into routinized behavioural schemes, similarly to what we observe for sequences of coordinated motor acts. Speakers, however, do not only take advantage of token-based information such as frequency of individual, holistically stored words, or episodic memories of word usage, but they are also able to organise stored word forms through abstract paradigmatic structures (or word families) whose overall size and distribution are important determinants of lexical categorisation, inference and productivity. Lexical organisation is, in fact, not necessarily functional to descriptive economy and minimisation of storage, but appears to be influenced by more dynamic, communicationoriented functions such as memorisation, prediction-based recognition and production. Lending support to this view, usage-based approaches to word processing have recently offered novel explanatory frameworks that capitalise on the stable correlation patterns between lexical representations on the one hand and process-based operations that make representations functional to communicative exchanges on the other hand. By focusing on the battery of cognitive functions supporting verbal communication (ranging from input recoding to rehearsal, access, recall and coactivation) and by exploring their psycholinguistic correlates and neuroanatomical substrates, these approaches promote a new view of language architecture as an emergent property of the interaction between language-specific input conditions and low-level, domain-specific cognitive predispositions.}, KEYWORDS = {word knowledge, word usage, mental lexicon, interdisciplinary approach}, PAGES = {2-12}, URL = {http://www.networds-esf.eu/uploads/NetWordS/Science_Meeting_Scientific_Report_5810.pdf}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2014_ARTICLE_MFK_288212, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Keuleers, E.}, TITLE = {Perception of typicality in the lexicon: Wordlikeness, lexical density and morphonotactic constraints}, YEAR = {2014}, ABSTRACT = {The extent to which a symbolic time-series (a sequence of sounds or letters) is a typical word of a language, referred to as WORDLIKENESS, has been shown to have effects in speech perception and production, reading proficiency, lexical development and lexical access, short-term and long-term verbal memory. Two quantitative models have been suggested to account for these effects: serial phonotactic probabilities (the likelihood for a given symbolic sequence to appear in the lexicon) and lexical density (the extent to which other words can be obtained from a target word by changing, deleting or inserting one or more symbols in the target). The two measures are highly correlated and thus easy to be confounded in measuring their effects in lexical tasks. In this paper, we propose a computational model of lexical organisation, based on Self-Organising Maps with Hebbian connections defined over a temporal layer (TSOMs), providing a principled algorithmic account of effects of lexical acquisition, processing and access, to further investigate these issues. In particular, we show that (morpho-)phonotactic probabilities and lexical density, though correlated in lexical organisation, can be taken to focus on different aspects of speakers' word processing behaviour and thus provide independent cognitive contributions to our understanding of the principles of perception of typicality that govern lexical organisation.}, KEYWORDS = {wordlikeness, lexical access, word processing, frequency, memory}, PAGES = {171-191}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84919701117\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {40}, PUBLISHER = {Zavod za lingvistiku Filozofskog fakulteta (Zagreb, Croazia)}, ISSN = {0586-0296}, JOURNAL = {Suvremena lingvistika}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2014_ARTICLE_MFP_287289, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Morphological structure through lexical parsability}, YEAR = {2014}, ABSTRACT = {The emergence of morphological structure in lexical acquisition is analysed in the computational framework of Temporal Self-Organising Maps (TSOMs), to provide an explanatory basis for both psycholinguistic and linguistic accounts of lexical parsability. The investigation we propose is grounded on the hypothesis that perception of morphological structure (parsability) and frequency strongly correlate in the acquisition of inflectional paradigms. Analysis of experimental results of word acquisition obtained by artificially varying training conditions, allows us to understand developmental competition between fully-inflected word forms, and to investigate a hierarchy of frequency effects. The computational and theoretical implications of such a memory-based view of the relationship between frequency and perception, and its potential to account}, KEYWORDS = {inflectional paradigms, morphological structure, token/type frequency, word processing}, PAGES = {263-290}, URL = {http://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1418/78410}, VOLUME = {XIII}, DOI = {10.1418/78410}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino, Bologna (Italia)}, ISSN = {1720-9331}, JOURNAL = {Lingue e linguaggio}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2014_INPROCEEDINGS_MNF_295178, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Nahli, O. and Ferro, M.}, TITLE = {Word Processing for Arabic Language: A reappraisal of morphology induction through adaptive memory self-organisation strategies}, YEAR = {2014}, ABSTRACT = {Modelling the mental lexicon focuses on processing and storage dynamics, since lexical organisation relies on the process of input recoding and adaptive strategies for long-term memory organisation. A fundamental issue in word processing is represented by the emergence of the morphological organisation level in the lexicon, based on paradigmatic relations between fully-stored word forms. Morphology induction can be defined as the task of identifying morphological formatives within morphologically complex word forms. In the computational framework we propose here (TSOMs), based on Self-Organising Maps with Hebbian connections defined over a temporal layer, the identification/perception of surface morphological relations involves the alignment of recoded representations of morphologically-related input words. Facing a non-concatenative morphology such as the Arabic inflectional system prompts a reappraisal of morphology induction through adaptive organisation strategies, which affect both lexical representations and long-term storage. We will show how a strongly adaptive self-organisation during training is conducive to emergent relations between stored word forms, and to high accuracy rates in generalising knowledge of stored words to unknown forms.}, KEYWORDS = {Non-concatenative morphological structure, lexical storage and access, SOMs, word recoding and processing, adaptive strategies, morphology}, PAGES = {241-247}, URL = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7016626\&punumber%3D6996097}, DOI = {10.1109/CIST.2014.7016626}, PUBLISHER = {IEEE (New York, USA)}, ISBN = {978-1-4799-5979-2}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Third IEEE International Colloquium in Information Science and Technology (CIST)}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Tetuan (Morocco)}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {20-22/10/2014}, BOOKTITLE = {IEEE Conference Publications-Catalog Number: CFP1467R-ART}, EDITOR = {El Mohajir, M. and Al Achhab, M. and Chahhou, M. and Mounir, A. and El Mohajir, B. and Pirrelli, V. and Zarghili, A. and Elfar, M.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{PIRRELLI_2014_INPROCEEDINGS_PMF_290601, AUTHOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Marzi, C. and Ferro, M.}, TITLE = {Two-dimensional Wordlikeness Effects in Lexical Organisation}, YEAR = {2014}, ABSTRACT = {The main focus of research on wordlikeness has been on how serial processing strategies affect perception of similarity and, ultimately, the global network of associative relations among words in the mental lexicon. Comparatively little effort has been put so far, however, into an analysis of the reverse relationship: namely, how global organisation effects influence the speakers' perception of word similarity and of words' internal structure. In this paper, we explore the relationship between the two dimensions of wordlikeness (the "syntagmatic" and the "paradigmatic" one), to suggest that the same set of principles of memory organisation can account for both dimensions.}, KEYWORDS = {wordlikeness, lexical access, word processing, frequency, memory}, PAGES = {301-305}, URL = {http://clic.humnet.unipi.it/it/atti.html}, VOLUME = {1}, DOI = {10.12871/CLICIT2014158}, ISBN = {978-8-86741-472-7}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {First Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2014 \& Fourth International Workshop EVALITA 2014}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Pisa, Italy}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {9-11/12/2014}, BOOKTITLE = {The First Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics-Proceedings}, EDITOR = {Basili, R. and Lenci, A. and Magnini, B.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{BOSCHETTI_2014_INPROCEEDINGS_BDMNP_288372, AUTHOR = {Boschetti, F. and Del Gratta, R. and Marzi, C. and Nahli, O. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Modelli, metodi e strumenti per il trattamento automatico della lingua araba e per l'editing in ambienti collaborativi}, YEAR = {2014}, ABSTRACT = {La linguistica computazionale ha portato negli ultimi vent'anni a un profondo mutamento nello studio delle lingue e delle loro testimonianze scritte, spostando l'accento della ricerca da aspetti linguistico-formali all'uso linguistico in contesti comunicativi reali. Il presente contributo illustra l'impatto di questo cambio di prospettiva sullo studio della lingua araba, attraverso una rassegna di alcune attività di ricerca in corso presso l'Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale del CNR di Pisa: I. acquisizione dei testi arabi tramite Optical Character Recognition (OCR) e sviluppo di strumenti per la correzione manuale del testo in ambienti collaborativi; II. sviluppo di algoritmi e strumenti per l'analisi morfologica della lingua araba; III. analisi delle dinamiche di acquisizione del lessico arabo mediante architetture bio-computazionali; IV. sviluppo della WordNet dell'Arabo collegata a Princeton WordNet, ItalWordNet, LatinWordNet e alla nascente AncientGreek WordNet. Queste attivit( sono rivolte sia all'analisi delle caratteristiche linguistiche dell'arabo che allo studio della produzione letteraria araba e dei suoi rapporti storico-culturali con altre lingue. In particolare, il contributo intende illustrare la fertilità di un approccio metodologico che metta in relazione le dinamiche di acquisizione del lessico arabo, con la messa a punto di procedure di analisi ed edizione critica del testo e con i principi di organizzazione ontologica di una lingua ad alta produttività derivazionale.}, URL = {http://aiucd2014.unibo.it/book-of-abstracts.pdf}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {AIUCD 3rd annual conference}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Bologna}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {18-19 settembre 2014}, BOOKTITLE = {La metodologia della ricerca umanistica nell'ecosistema digitale-AIUCD 2014 Terzo convegno annuale}, EDITOR = {Rossi, F. and Tomasi, F.}, } @TECHREPORT{MARZI_2014_TECHREPORT_M_287135, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Lexical acquisition in bilingual contexts: aspects of (extra)linguistic and psycholinguistic modeling}, YEAR = {2014}, ABSTRACT = {The overall research goals of this bilateral action have been to focus on cognitive and extra-linguistic factors involved in bilingual word recognition, with a view to exploring implications, requirements and constraints on computational models of bilingual acquisition. In particular, the cross visits intended to investigate linguistic, extra-linguistic and psycholinguistic issues which are generally assumed to have a bearing on aspects of bilingual lexicon acquisition and word processing, with a view to better understanding their role and dynamic relationship with aspects more closely related to the language-specific input.}, KEYWORDS = {Cognitive factors, monolingual and bilingual word recognition}, URL = {http://www.esf.org/coordinating-research/research-networking-programmes/humanities-hu}, } @TECHREPORT{MARZI_2014_TECHREPORT_MPV_287137, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Plag, I. and Vulchanova, M.}, TITLE = {Words: structure, meaning, acquisition, processing}, YEAR = {2014}, ABSTRACT = {By bringing together experts of various scientific domains and different theoretical inclinations, the second NetWordS Summer school contributed to advance the current awareness of theoretical, typological, psycholinguistic, computational and neurophysiological evidence on the structure and processing of words, with a view to fostering novel methods of research and assessment for grammar architecture and language physiology.}, KEYWORDS = {Mental lexicon, Lexical processing and acquisition, Interdisciplinary approach}, URL = {http://www.networds-esf.eu/uploads/NetWordS/2nd_SummerSchool_Trondheim_scientific%20r}, } @MISC{MARZI_2014_MISC_M_289271, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Models and dynamics of the morphological lexicon in mono-and bilingual acquisition}, YEAR = {2014}, ABSTRACT = {Aim of this work is to define an explanatory model of the morphological lexicon as a dynamic system of word acquisition and storage in both mono- and multi-lingual contexts. The main focus is on exploring some aspects of the paradigmatic organisation of the mental lexicon in language acquisition, based on a dynamic analysis of mono- and bilingual contexts. An interdisciplinary approach to the lexical acquisition combines theoretical-motivated accounts, psycho-cognitive evidence and methodologies, and machine learning technologies. In particular, the thesis deals with those basic psychological and cognitive mechanisms considered as crucial in language acquisition: (i) the ability to perceive recurrent morphological structures (invariances) in varying temporal contexts, (ii) the capability to access/activate time series of symbols in the short term memory and to selectively integrate them with long term memory expectations, (iii) the attitude towards building novel forms through analogical extension of intra- and inter-paradigmatic relations (generalisation). This investigation is pursued through a computational model based on Self-Organising Maps with Hebbian connections defined over a temporal layer (Temporal Self-Organising Maps - TSOMs), providing a principled algorithmic account of effects of lexical acquisition, processing and access. Computational simulation of biologically inspired neural architecture of the mental lexicon offers the possibility to reproduce a wide range of conditions of mono- and multi-lingual input exposure, and to illustrate the dynamic of word acquisition and the emergence of morphological organisation. The proposed model provides an adaptive multifactorial account of morphology acquisition affected by input factors, such as word frequency distributions, paradigm regularity and wordlikeness, whereby lexical perception and organisation are grounded on memory-based processing strategies.}, KEYWORDS = {word acquisition, morphological lexicon, bio-computational model}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/289271}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2013_ARTICLE_M_287131, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Innovation, language, and grey literature}, YEAR = {2013}, ABSTRACT = {Language and innovation are inseparable. Language conveys ideas which are essential in innovation, establishes the most immediate connections with our conceptualisation of the outside world, and provides the building blocks for communication. Every linguistic choice is necessarily meaningful, and it involves the parallel construction of form and meaning. From this perspective, language is a dynamic knowledge construction process. In this article, emphasis will be laid on investigating how words are used to describe innovation, and how innovation topics can influence word usage and collocational behaviour. Especially in grey materials, and in a context-based approach, the lexical representation of innovative knowledge is closely related to the representation of knowledge itself, and gives the opportunity to reduce the gap between knowledge representation and knowledge understanding. This will bring into focus the dynamic interplay between lexical creativity and innovative pragmatic contexts, and the necessity for a dynamic semantic shift from context-driven vagueness to domain-driven specialisation.}, KEYWORDS = {Lexical productivity, Language technologies, Grey Literature, Web corpora}, PAGES = {145-151}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84884695370\&partnerID=q2rCbXpz}, VOLUME = {9}, PUBLISHER = {TextRelease (Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi)}, ISSN = {1574-1796}, JOURNAL = {The Grey journal (Print)}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2013_ARTICLE_MF_283382, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M.}, TITLE = {Adaptive strategies in lexical acquisition}, YEAR = {2013}, ABSTRACT = {The emergence of morphological patterns from lexical storage in language acquisition is conditioned by language-specific factors as well as extra-linguistic cognitive capacities. With particular reference to the acquisition of plural markers in German, in a memory-based perspective highlighting interesting theoretical implications for usage-based models, the paper analyses acquisitional strategies by focussing on emergent relations between stored word forms and on dynamic expectation/competition of incoming input. In particular, we outline an adaptive multifactorial account of morphological processing that includes both frequency and formal factors. Our investigation is supported by a computational model of morphology acquisition/processing based on self-organisation memories, where word representations are dynamically recoded as time-series.}, KEYWORDS = {German plurals, Morphological generalisation, Self-organising memory, Word processing}, PAGES = {307-328}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892521599\&partnerID=q2rCbXpz}, VOLUME = {XII}, DOI = {10.1418/75045}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino, Bologna (Italia)}, ISSN = {1720-9331}, JOURNAL = {Lingue e linguaggio}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2013_INPROCEEDINGS_M_287133, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Innovation, language, and the web}, YEAR = {2013}, ABSTRACT = {Language and innovation are inseparable. Language conveys ideas which are essential in innovation, establishes the most immediate connections with our conceptualisation of the outside world, and provides the building blocks for communication. Every linguistic choice is necessarily meaningful, and it involves the parallel construction of form and meaning. From this perspective, language is a dynamic knowledge construction process. In this article, emphasis will be laid on investigating how words are used to describe innovation, and how innovation topics can influence word usage and collocational behaviour. The lexical representation of innovative knowledge in a context-based approach is closely related to the representation of knowledge itself, and gives the opportunity to reduce the gap between knowledge representation and knowledge understanding. This will bring into focus the dynamic interplay between lexical creativity and innovative pragmatic contexts, and the necessity for a dynamic semantic shift from context-driven vagueness to domain-driven specialisation.}, KEYWORDS = {Grey literature, Language technologies, Lexical productivity, Web corpora}, PAGES = {153-159}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84924135180\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {14}, PUBLISHER = {TextRelease (Amsterdam, NLD)}, ISSN = {1386-2316}, ISBN = {9789077484203}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Fourteenth International Conference on Grey Literature}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {CNR, Rome Italy}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {29-30 November 2012}, BOOKTITLE = {Tracking innovation thorugh grey literature}, EDITOR = {Farace, D. J. and Frantzen, J. and Greynet}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2013_INPROCEEDINGS_MD_288409, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Daelemans, W.}, TITLE = {On memory and computation: a reappraisal of German noun plural inflection}, YEAR = {2013}, ABSTRACT = {The talk "On memory and computation: a reappraisal of German noun plural inflection" presented one of the main objectives on which the bilateral Italian-Belgian action is focussing, namely linguistic and extra-linguistic factors involved in mono- and bi-lingual word recognition. She suggests a multi-factorial view of morphology adaptive processing, in presenting a usage-based perspective, by investigating a few properties of the German noun plural system and focusing on the dynamic relation between regularity, productivity and competition of inflection patterns through computer simulations (Temporal Self-Organising Maps - TSOMs) of type/token-frequency effects. In detail, she highlighted a few formal properties of the -s plural class, and concluded that although relatively infrequent, -s plurals seem to pattern in fairly regular sub-classes which suffer from no competition by members of other inflectional classes.}, URL = {http://www.networds-esf.eu/index.php?page=3rd-networds-workshop}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Third NetWordS Workshop on "Variation and Adaptation in Lexical Processing and Acquisition"}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Dubrovnik, Croatia}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {19-20/09/2013}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2013_INPROCEEDINGS_MFP_287555, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Lexical parsability and morphological structure}, YEAR = {2013}, ABSTRACT = {A classical tenet in the psycholinguistic literature on the mental lexicon is that a parsed affix presents high activation levels (and thus contributes to activation spreading to other words with the same affix), and that such levels are tightly correlated with the affix productivity. In a number of influential papers, it has been suggested that parsability criteria interact with frequency to define morphological productivity in the lexicon. For example, the frequency of a derivative (e.g. government) relative to its base (govern) is shown to be a good predictor for parsability/productivity. The higher the frequency ratio, the more likely the morphological structure to be perceived, and the associated affix to be used productively. The present contribution intends to offer a computational explanatory basis for this correlational evidence, and assess its applicability to the acquisition of complex inflectional paradigms. In those languages, like Italian and German, whose inflection is stem-based rather than word-based, there is often no single paradigmatic form which can act as a base by being properly contained in all other inflected variants. Yet, it seems intuitive to suggest that verbs that are inflected for one paradigm cell only (e.g. neighbouring), are learned earlier and more easily but exhibit lower levels of perceived inflectional structure than verbs with richer paradigms. This appears to be in good accord with experimental evidence of time latencies in lexical decision, which are shown to correlate negatively with token frequency, paradigm size and paradigm entropy. Our simulations, based on Temporal Self-Organizing Maps (TSOMs) allow us to establish an interesting connection between inflectional parsability, frequency-based paradigm structure, and acquisitional constraints on the interaction between the human processor and working memory. Self-organising topological models of the mental lexicon can mimic the spatial and temporal organization of memory structures supporting the processing of symbolic sequences [8-10], and can provide an interesting framework for testing integrative accounts of lexical processing/acquisition as the complex result of general-purpose operations on word stimuli (e.g. working memory, long-term storage, sensory-motor mapping, rehearsal, unit integration, unit analysis, executive control, time-series processing), in line with recent acquisitions on the neuro-functional architecture of the perisylvian language network in the left hemisphere of human brain. Simulations of the incremental acquisition of "mini-paradigms" (small islands of morphological contrast encompassing up to three different forms for the same verb support the hypothesis that perception of structure (parsability) and morphological productivity strongly correlate in the inflectional lexica of German and Italian. In particular, by monitoring longitudinal progress in storage and generalisation of differently distributed inflectional paradigms in the two languages, we show that: i) high-frequency forms are stored and accessed significantly earlier than low-frequency forms; ii) deeply entrenched but paradigmatically isolated forms tend to block usage of other forms in the same paradigm; iii) low-frequency evenly distributed (highly entropic) intra-paradigmatic forms are acquired later but are easily extended. Our investigation credits the proposed computational framework with psycholinguistic plausibility, and grounds parsability-based models of morphological productivity on a specific, explicit proposal of lexical architecture. This provides an explanatory basis for both psycholinguistic and linguistic accounts of morphological structure, and offers an intermediate framework for scientific inquiry bridging the gap between linguistic units and functional units in neurosciences. Finally, it makes the interesting suggestion that principles of morpheme-based organisation of the mental lexicon are compatible with a learning strategy requiring memorisation of full forms.}, KEYWORDS = {morphological structure, word paradigms, frequency, human processor}, PAGES = {33-34}, URL = {http://mmm9.ffzg.unizg.hr/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/MMM_PROGRAM4.pdf}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {9th Mediterannean Morphology Meeting on "Morphology and Semantics" (9th MMM)}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Dubrovnik, Croatia}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {15-18/09/2013}, BOOKTITLE = {Morphology and Semantics-Books of Abstracts}, } @TECHREPORT{MARZI_2013_TECHREPORT_MG_287852, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Giraudo, H.}, TITLE = {Perspectives on Synergy}, YEAR = {2013}, ABSTRACT = {The 2nd NetWordS Workshop, held on the 3rd and 4th of December 2012 in the Toulouse Research Area (Maison de la Recherche) of the French National Research Council (CNRS), brought together 27 participants (scholars, Post-Docs, PhD students) from various European countries. Ten speakers, experts of various scientific domain and with different theoretical inclinations, discussed cross-disciplinary Perspectives on Synergy, reflecting the interdisciplinarity and synergy fostered by NetWordS, the European Research Networking Programme on Word Structure. With these objectives in mind, the workshop gathered PhD students and junior research fellows who carried out interdisciplinary research under the NetWordS granting scheme for 2012 and more senior scholars who are currently involved in European or national initiatives geared towards scientific goals of interest to the NetWordS programme. A Round Table followed to concretely discuss project proposals of common interest to be submitted in the years 2013-2014, and to encourage the sharing of interdisciplinary cooperation efforts among NetWordS partners and other research teams}, KEYWORDS = {Mental lexicon, Interdisciplinary approach}, URL = {http://www.networds-esf.eu/index.php?page=2nd-networds-workshop}, } @TECHREPORT{MARZI_2013_TECHREPORT_MP_287848, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {NetWordS: the European Network on Word Structure (2011-2015) ESF RNP Mid-Term Report (2011-2013)}, YEAR = {2013}, ABSTRACT = {By networking experts of various research fields (including but not limited to Theoretical Linguistics, Cognition, Brain Sciences and Computing) and of different theoretical inclinations, NetWordS has set itself the fundamental goal of advancing the current awareness of theoretical, typological, psycholinguistic, computational and neurophysiological evidence on the structure and processing of words, with a view to promoting novel methods of research and assessment for grammar architecture and language physiology. The programme is pursued through knowledge sharing, dissemination and transfer, organised over a four year period, from May 2011 to April 2015. Thanks to its highly interdisciplinary profile, the programme promotes training of young scientists through short visits, exchange grants and Summer Schools. It encourages the novel integration of existing methodologies, sets common research priorities, and fosters virtual cross-disciplinary laboratories, partnerships and research infrastructures.}, KEYWORDS = {Mental lexicon, Interdisciplinary approach, word representation, word processing}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/287848}, } @TECHREPORT{MARZI_2013_TECHREPORT_MR_287843, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Raffaelli, I.}, TITLE = {Variation and Adaptation in Lexical Processing and Acquisition}, YEAR = {2013}, ABSTRACT = {Recent emphasis on language knowledge as an emergent dynamic system has drawn considerable attention to the role of time in the way speakers acquire and use their own language. There are at least three levels on which time matters. At the processing level, the interaction between processing and memory constraints, and in particular between short-term and long-term memory issues, is understood to shape the way we recode and organise time-bound sequences of linguistic signals. On an ontogenetic scale, the age of acquisition of language input data, and the duration of exposure (in the case of multilingual contexts) are known to interact with issues of cognitive maturation and brain plasticity, yielding different outcomes as a function of different time intervals. In this connection, also the distribution of input data in a particular linguistic environment (both in terms of word type and token frequency) is bound to have an impact on rate and speed of acquisition and on overall knowledge organisation. Finally, all previously mentioned time-effects conspire to make the language system change through usage and acquisition in passing from one generation to the ensuing one.}, KEYWORDS = {Mental lexicon, Lexical processing and acquisition, Interdisciplinary approach}, URL = {http://www.networds-esf.eu/index.php?page=3rd-networds-workshop}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2012_ARTICLE_M_217342, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {First 'NetWordS'Workshop on Understanding the Architecture of the Mental Lexicon: Integration of Existing Approaches}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {The ambitious goal of the workshop, organised within the framework of "NetWordS", the European Science Foundation Research Networking Programme on the Structure of Words in the languages of Europe, was to lay the foundations for an interdisciplinary European research agenda on the Mental Lexicon for the coming 10 years, with particular emphasis on three main challenges: . Lexicon and Rules in the grammar . Word knowledge and word use . Words and meanings}, KEYWORDS = {Mental lexicon}, PAGES = {52-52}, URL = {http://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en89/events/first-networds-workshop}, VOLUME = {89}, PUBLISHER = {ERCIM (Le Chesnay)}, ISSN = {0926-4981}, JOURNAL = {ERCIM news}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2012_ARTICLE_M_217353, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Knowledge communities in grey}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {The dynamic nature of modern human social interactions, and the increasing capability of wireless and mobile devices for creating and sharing contents, open up the opportunity for a wide dissemination of information through complex knowledge sharing systems. As the shared knowledge components build cognitive ties, there is no real sharing of knowledge without a common understanding of it. In this article, particular emphasis is laid on technologies in Natural Language understanding and knowledge management for providing structured, intelligent access to the continuously evolving content, generated on-line in a pervasive collaborative environment. In detail, robust automated techniques for term extraction and knowledge acquisition are used to tap the information density and the global coherence of text excerpts sampled from both general-purpose and subject-specific social networks. We show empirically that the two sources may exhibit considerable differences in terms of content accessibility and informativeness.}, KEYWORDS = {Grey Literature, Web Communities, Knowledge sharing, Concept Maps}, PAGES = {27-33}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883276602\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {8}, PUBLISHER = {TextRelease (Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi)}, ISSN = {1574-1796}, JOURNAL = {The Grey journal (Print)}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2012_ARTICLE_MFP_217399, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Word alignment and paradigm induction}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {The variety of morphological processes attested in inflectional system of average complexity calls for adaptive strategies of word alignment. Prefixation, suffixation, stem alternation and combinations thereof pose severe problems to unsupervised algorithms of morphology induction. The paper analyses morphological generalisation as a by-product of flexible memory self-organisation strategies for word recoding. Our model endorses the hypothesis that lexical forms are memorised as full units. At the same time, lexical units are paradigmatically organised. We show that the overall amount of redundant morphological structure emerging from paradigm-based self-organisation has a clear impact on generalisation. This supports the view that issues of word representation and issues of word processing are mutually implied in lexical acquisition.}, KEYWORDS = {Morphological Generalisation Morphological Paradigms Self-Organising Memory Word coding and Processing}, PAGES = {251-274}, URL = {http://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1418/38789}, VOLUME = {XI}, DOI = {10.1418/38789}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino, Bologna (Italia)}, ISSN = {1720-9331}, JOURNAL = {Lingue e linguaggio}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2012_ARTICLE_MP_217391, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Understanding the Architecture of the Mental Lexicon}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {The present collection stems from the 1st NetWordS Workshop "Understanding the architecture of the mental lexicon: Integration of existing approaches", held in the Pisa Research Area of the Italian National Research Council, in November 2011. "NetWordS: the European network on Word Structure in the languages of Europe" is the Research Networking Programme of the European Science Foundation launched in May 2011 with the ambitious goal of paving the way to the European interdisciplinary research agenda on the Mental Lexicon, with particular emphasis on the following three main challenges: - lexicon and rules in the grammar, - word knowledge and word use, - words and meanings.}, KEYWORDS = {Mental Lexicon, interdisciplinary approach}, PAGES = {101-105}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/217391}, VOLUME = {XI}, DOI = {10.1418/38780}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino, Bologna (Italia)}, ISSN = {1720-9331}, JOURNAL = {Lingue e linguaggio}, } @EDITORIAL{MARZI_2012_EDITORIAL_MP_287395, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Understanding the Architecture of the Mental Lexicon}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {The present collection stems from the 1st NetWordS Workshop "Understanding the architecture of the mental lexicon: Integration of existing approaches", held in the Pisa Research Area of the Italian National Research Council, in November 2011. "NetWordS: the European network on Word Structure in the languages of Europe" is the Research Networking Programme of the European Science Foundation launched in May 2011 with the ambitious goal of paving the way to the European interdisciplinary research agenda on the Mental Lexicon, with particular emphasis on the following three main challenges: - lexicon and rules in the grammar, - word knowledge and word use, - words and meanings.}, KEYWORDS = {Mental Lexicon, interdisciplinary approach}, PAGES = {101-274}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/287395}, VOLUME = {XI}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino (Bologna, ITA)}, ISBN = {978-88-15-23601-2}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2012_INPROCEEDINGS_M_218950, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Knowledge communities in grey}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {The dynamic nature of modern human social interactions, and the increasing capability of wireless and mobile devices for creating and sharing contents, open up the opportunity for a wide dissemination of information through complex knowledge sharing systems. As the shared knowledge components build cognitive ties, there is no real sharing of knowledge without a common understanding of it. In this article, particular emphasis is laid on technologies in Natural Language understanding and knowledge management for providing structured, intelligent access to the continuously evolving content, generated on-line in a pervasive collaborative environment. In detail, robust automated techniques for term extraction and knowledge acquisition are used to tap the information density and the global coherence of text excerpts sampled from both general-purpose and subject-specific social networks. We show empirically that the two sources may exhibit considerable differences in terms of content accessibility and informativeness. Topics: Subject based Communities; Social Networking.}, KEYWORDS = {Concept maps, Grey literature, Knowledge sharing, Web communities}, PAGES = {34-40}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84924107682\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {13}, PUBLISHER = {TextRelease (Amsterdam, NLD)}, ISSN = {1386-2316}, ISBN = {9789077484173}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Thirteenth International Conference on Grey Literature: The Grey Circuit-From Social Networking to Wealth Creation (GL13)}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Washington D. C.-USA}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {05-06/12 2011}, BOOKTITLE = {The Grey Circuit-From Social Networking to Wealth Creation}, EDITOR = {Farace, D. J. and Fratzen, J.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2012_INPROCEEDINGS_MFCP_287129, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Caudai, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Evaluating Hebbian Self-Organizing Memories for Lexical Representation and Access}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {The lexicon is the store of words in long-term memory. Any attempt at modelling lexical competence must take issues of string storage seriously. In the present contribution, we discuss a few desiderata that any biologically-inspired computational model of the mental lexicon has to meet, and detail a multi-task evaluation protocol for their assessment. The proposed protocol is applied to a novel computational architecture for lexical storage and acquisition, the "Topological Temporal Hebbian SOMs" (T2HSOMs), which are grids of topologically organised memory nodes with dedicated sensitivity to time-bound sequences of letters. These maps can provide a rigorous and testable conceptual framework within which to provide a comprehensive, multi-task protocol for testing the performance of Hebbian self-organising memories, and a comprehensive picture of the complex dynamics between lexical processing and the acquisition of morphological structure.}, KEYWORDS = {Mental Lexicon, Morphology Acquisition, Self-Organizing Maps}, PAGES = {886-893}, URL = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/index.html}, ISBN = {978-2-9517408-7-7}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Istanbul, Turkey}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {23-25/05/2012}, EDITOR = {Calzolari, N. and Choukri, K. and Declerck, T. and Uğur Doğan, M. and Maegaard, B. and Mariani, J. and Odijk, J. and Piperidis, S.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2012_INPROCEEDINGS_MFP_219553, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Ferro, M. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Prediction and Generalisation in Word Processing and Storage}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {Word storage and processing have traditionally been modelled according to different computational paradigms, in line with the classical corner-stone of "dual-route" models of word structure assuming a sharp dissociation between memory and computation (Clahsen 1999, Di Sciullo \& Williams 1987, Pinker \& Prince 1988, Parasada \& Pinker 1993). Even the most radical alternative to dual-route thinking, connectionist one-route models, challenged the lexicon-grammar dualism only by providing a neurally-inspired mirror image of classical base-to-inflection rules, while largely neglecting issues of lexical storage (Rumelhart \& McClelland 1986, McClelland \& Patterson 2002, Seidenberg \& McClelland 1989). Recent psycho- and neuro-linguistic evidence, however, supports a less deterministic and modular view of the interaction between stored word knowledge and on-line processing [Baayen et al. 1997, Hay 2001, Maratsos 2000, Stemberger \& Middleton 2003, Tabak et al. 2005, Ford et al. 2003, Post et al. 2008). The view entails simultaneous activation of distributed patterns of cortical connectivity encoding redundant distributional regularities in language data. Furthermore, recent developments in morphological theorising question the primacy of grammar rules over lexical storage, arguing that word regularities emerge from independent principles of lexical organisation, whereby lexical units and constructions are redundantly stored and mutually related through entailment relations (Matthews 1991, Corbett \& Fraser 1993, Pirrelli 2000, Burzio 2004, Booij 2010). We endorse here such a non modular view on Morphology to investigate two basic behavioural aspects of human word processing: morphological prediction and generalisation. The investigation is based on a computer model of morphology acquisition supporting the hypothesis that they both derive from a common pool of principles of lexical organisation.}, KEYWORDS = {Morphological generalisation, Word processing, Self-organising memory}, PAGES = {114-131}, URL = {http://mmm.lingue.unibo.it/}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Eighth Mediterranean Morphology Meeting on "Morphology and the architecture of the grammar" (MMM8)}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Cagliari, Italy}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {14-17 September 2011}, EDITOR = {Ralli, A. and Booij, G. and Scalise, S. and Karasimos, A.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2012_INPROCEEDINGS_M_220819, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Innovation, Language, and the Web}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {Language and innovation are inseparable. Language conveys ideas which are essential in corporate innovation; innovation would be nearly impossible if we did not have language. Language establishes the most immediate connections with our conceptualisation of the outside world, and it provides the building blocks for communication. The structure of language itself reflects its functional and communicative use. Communication takes place when there is a real information exchange process. Every linguistic choice is necessarily meaningful, and absolute variables involve the parallel construction of form and meaning. From this perspective, language is not only structure, but a dynamic knowledge construction process as well. Knowledge transfer and innovation transfer are ubiquitous processes: knowledge extraction requires heterogeneous tasks related to the acquisition, from unstructured textual data in digital format, of structured and classified information relating to research topics. In the full version of this approach, emphasis will be laid on the mechanisms underlying language processing and communicative interaction, outlining knowledge retention and retrieval processes. The spread of Internet has enabled development of better bibliographic scientific databases with significantly improved capacity for storage and retrieval. In recent years, web searching has become the default mode of highly innovative information retrieval, though the main sources of digital information are unstructured or semi-structured documents. Information relating to developments in scientific research is collected in the form of abstracts or full publications, in large and growing bibliographic repositories. Considering the web as a corpus makes it possible to investigate how words are used to describe innovation, and how innovation topics can influence word usage and collocational behaviour. Investigation of corpora is concerned with the description of use and structure of language, by inquiring linguistic phenomena such as, co-occurence distributions, collocational variability, derivational productivity, neologism coinage. This will bring into focus the dynamic interplay between lexical creativity and innovative pragmatic contexts, thus blurring the traditional dichotomy between knowledge of language and its use. In particular, the work will focus on how words and language structures become vehicle for knowledge generation and innovation transfer, and how research data, research results and widely-distributed dissemination papers can support and enhance future research.}, KEYWORDS = {Lexical productivity, Language Technologies, Web corpora, Grey Literature}, PAGES = {85-88}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/220819}, VOLUME = {14}, ISSN = {1385-2308}, ISBN = {978-90-77484-19-7}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Fourteenth international Conference on Grey Literature (GL14)}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {National Research Council, Rome-Italy}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {29-30 November 2012}, BOOKTITLE = {Tracking Innovation thorugh Grey Literature}, EDITOR = {Farace, D. J. and Frantzen, J. and Greynet}, } @TECHREPORT{MARZI_2012_TECHREPORT_M_221751, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Neuroimaging: mania, revolution, or technological evolution? A critical review}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {Imaging has become an increasingly important tool in both research and clinical care. A range of neuroimaging technologies provide unprecedented sensitivity to visualisation of brain structure (i.e. anatomy) and function (i.e. physiology) from the level of individual molecules to the whole brain. Many imaging methods are non-invasive and allow dynamic processes to be monitored over time. Imaging is enabling researchers to identify neural networks involved in cognitive processes; understand disease pathways; recognise and diagnose diseases early, when they are most effectively treated; and determine how therapies work. The cognitive neuroscience of higher order auditory processing has advanced enormously in a brief time, in large part benefiting from neuroimaging approaches. A significant amount of progress has been made, and much of it can be attributed to the possibilities for crossing boundaries afforded by neuroimaging tools. More sophisticated experiments combined with fMRI and EEG are helping to know what the brain is doing as people perform cognitive, emotional, and behavioural actions. MEG technology will allow linguists to explore how social interaction and sensorimotor experience affects the cortical processing of language in children; and the combination of behavioural and brain measures may enhance the certainty with which dyslexia can be predicted for a child and promote the possibility of preventive intervention.}, KEYWORDS = {Neuroimaging technologies, Cognitive neuroscience, Language studies}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/221751}, } @MISC{MARZI_2012_MISC_M_221565, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Seminario sulla rete europea della struttura della parola (NetWordS)-Dottorato in Linguistica, UniPV}, YEAR = {2012}, ABSTRACT = {Words are the basic building block of lòanguage productivity, establishing the most immediate connections between language and our conceptualisation of world, and they represent compelx interface units, which are not only part of larger constructions but are themselves made up of simpler sublecxical costituents. A better understanding of the human strategies involved in learning and processing word structures lies at the heart of our comprehension of the basic mechanism seving language and cognition.}, KEYWORDS = {Word Structure}, URL = {http://studiumanistici.unipv.it/?pagina=p\&titolo=ling-Marzihomepage}, } @ARTICLE{FERRO_2011_ARTICLE_FMP_205180, AUTHOR = {Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {A Self-Organizing Model of Word Storage and Processing: Implications for Morphology Learning}, YEAR = {2011}, ABSTRACT = {In line with the classical cornerstone of "dual-route" models of word structure, assuming a sharp dissociation between memory and computation, word storage and processing have traditionally been modelled according to different computational paradigms. Even the most popular alternative to dual-route thinking - connectionist one-route models - challenged the lexicon-grammar dualism only by providing a neurally-inspired mirror image of classical base-to-inflection rules, while largely neglecting issues of lexical storage. Recent psycho- and neuro-linguistic evidence, however, supports a less deterministic and modular view of the interaction between stored word knowledge and on-line processing. We endorse here such a non modular view on morphology to offer a computer model supporting the hypothesis that they are both derivative of a common pool of principles for memory self-organization.}, KEYWORDS = {Lexical Processing, Self Organizing Maps, Morphological Structure, Serial Memory}, PAGES = {209-226}, URL = {http://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1418/35840}, VOLUME = {2}, DOI = {10.1418/35840}, PUBLISHER = {Il Mulino, Bologna (Italia)}, ISSN = {1720-9331}, JOURNAL = {Lingue e linguaggio}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2011_ARTICLE_MPS_186118, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pardelli, G. and Sassi, M.}, TITLE = {A terminology based re-definition of Grey Literature}, YEAR = {2011}, ABSTRACT = {The conventionally accepted definition of Grey Literature, as Information produced and distributed by non-commercial publishing, does not take into consideration either the increasing availability of forms of grey knowledge, or the growing importance of computerbased encoding and management as the standard mode of creating and developing grey literature. Semi-automated terminological analysis of almost twenty years of terminological creativity in the proceedings of eleven GL International Conferences offers the opportunity to pave the way to a bottom-up redefinition of Grey Literature stemming from attested terminological creativity and lexical innovation. In this paper, we focus on a set of automatically-acquired terms obtained by subjecting our reference Corpus to a number of pre-processing steps of automated text analysis, such as concordances, frequency lists and lexical association scores. Acquired terms allow us to throw in sharp relief developing trends and important shifts of emphasis in the current understanding of the notion of Grey Literature.}, KEYWORDS = {Grey Literature, Terminology extraction}, PAGES = {19-23}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84869064979\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {7}, PUBLISHER = {TextRelease (Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi)}, ISSN = {1574-1796}, JOURNAL = {The Grey journal (Print)}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{FERRO_2011_INPROCEEDINGS_FMP_205490, AUTHOR = {Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {T2HSOM: Understanding the Lexicon by Simulating Memory Processes for Serial Order}, YEAR = {2011}, ABSTRACT = {Over the last several years, both theoretical and empirical approaches to lexical knowledge and encoding have prompted a radical reappraisal of the traditional dichotomy between lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is not simply a large waste basket of exceptions and sub-regularities, but a dynamic, possibly redundant repository of linguistic knowledge whose principles of relational organization are the driving force of productive generalizations. In this paper, we overview a few models of dynamic lexical organization based on neural network architectures that are purported to meet this challenging view. In particular, we illustrate a novel family of Kohonen self-organizing maps (T2HSOMs) that have the potential of simulating competitive storage of symbolic time series while exhibiting interesting properties of morphological organization and generalization. The model, tested on training samples of as morphologically diverse languages as Italian, German and Arabic, shows sensitivity to manifold types of morphological structure and can be used to bootstrap morphological knowledge in an unsupervised way.}, KEYWORDS = {Mental Lexicon, Self-organizing Maps, Morphology}, PAGES = {32-41}, URL = {http://alpage.inria.fr/~sagot/woler2011/WoLeR2011/Program_%26_Proceedings.html}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {First International Workshop on Lexical Resources}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Ljubljana Slovenia}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {1-5 Agosto 2011}, BOOKTITLE = {First International Workshop on Lexical Resources}, EDITOR = {Sagot, B.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2011_INPROCEEDINGS_MPS_176389, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pardelli, G. and Sassi, M.}, TITLE = {A terminology based re-definition of Grey Literature}, YEAR = {2011}, ABSTRACT = {The conventionally accepted definition of Grey Literature, as Information produced and distributed by non-commercial publishing, does not take into consideration either the increasing availability of forms of grey knowledge, or the growing importance of computer-based encoding and management as the standard mode of creating and developing grey literature. Semi-automated terminological analysis of almost twenty years of terminological creativity in the proceedings of eleven GL International Conferences offers the opportunity to pave the way to a bottom-up redefinition of Grey Literature stemming from attested terminological creativity and lexical innovation. In this paper, we focus on a set of automatically-acquired terms obtained by subjecting our reference Corpus to a number of pre-processing steps of automated text analysis, such as concordances, frequency lists and lexical association scores. Acquired terms allow us to throw in sharp relief developing trends and important shifts of emphasis in the current understanding of the notion of Grey Literature.}, KEYWORDS = {GL conference corpus, Grey literature definition, Terminology extraction}, PAGES = {27-31}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883303651\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {12}, PUBLISHER = {TextRelease (Amsterdam, NLD)}, ISSN = {1386-2316}, ISBN = {9789077484166}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Twelfth International Conference on Grey Literature: Trasparency in Grey Literature, Grey Tech Approaches to High Tech Issues}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Praga}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {6-7 dicembre 2010}, BOOKTITLE = {Trasparency in Grey Literature, Grey Tech Approaches to High Tech Issues}, EDITOR = {Farace, D. J. and Fratzen, J.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2011_INPROCEEDINGS_M_205896, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Knowledge Communities in Grey}, YEAR = {2011}, ABSTRACT = {The dynamic nature of modern human social interactions, and the increasing capability of wireless and mobile devices for creating and sharing contents, open up the opportunity for a wide dissemination of information through complex knowledge sharing systems. The development of digital technologies and the continuous evolution of telecommunication networks are rapidly heading our society towards a culture of participation and to a more and more interactive communication. Adaptive networking protocols and data management systems are fostering pervasive information and communication environments. In this context, subject based communities offer the steadily increasing availability of ubiquitous accessible information. Networking communities, focussed on supporting relationships and content sharing, act at the same time as providers and users of all kind of grey literature materials in a highly distributed and collaborative scenario. Collaboration networks are thus becoming a key element in the advancement and dissemination of knowledge in scientific domains as well as in diverse aspects of everyday human life. In this sense, social media at best enhance new frontier ideas and highly innovative contents; they offer the enormous potential to transform research, and research results, into a knowledge co-creation process. As the shared knowledge components build cognitive ties, there is no real sharing of knowledge without a common understanding of it. Large amounts of structured information have to be managed, and generation and assimilation of knowledge have to be facilitated. The unlimited universe of data and information available on the web need to be identified, classified, analyzed, filtered, so as to enhance the generation and assimilation of new knowledge. Knowledge needs to be represented, standardized and distilled from multiple sources. Tagging on a web scale provides a potentially useful source of metadata, and paves the way to automated post-processing services such as information retrieval, and acquisition of concepts from large document repositories. In other words it creates an environment conducive to knowledge transfer. In the full version, particular emphasis will be laid on technologies in natural language understanding and knowledge management for providing structured, intelligent access to the continuously evolving content generated on-line in a pervasive collaborative environment. In particular, the work will focus on exploring the interaction/synergy between different modes/tools for knowledge acquisition and representation: from highly structured, standardized and objective knowledge information systems based on ontological hierarchies and relations to more dynamic, subjective tools for volatile knowledge representation such as word clouds and concept maps. This approach will highlight current automated tools for concept acquisition and ontology learning that are conducive to an incremental approach to content access and management, to establish a fruitful bridge between modes of knowledge sharing/creation and dynamic, incremental approaches to automated knowledge acquisition and representation.}, KEYWORDS = {Grey Literature, Web communities, Knowledge sharing, Concept Maps}, PAGES = {26-30}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/205896}, VOLUME = {13}, ISSN = {1385-2308}, ISBN = {978-90-77484-00-5}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Thirteenth International Conference on Grey Literature: The Grey circuit-From Social networking to Wealth Creation}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Washington D. C.-USA}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {5-6 December 2011}, BOOKTITLE = {The Grey Circuit-From Social Networking to Wealth Creation}, EDITOR = {Farace, D. J. and Fratzen, J.}, } @TECHREPORT{MARZI_2011_TECHREPORT_M_206256, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Understanding the Architecture of the Mental Lexicon: Integration of Existing Approaches}, YEAR = {2011}, ABSTRACT = {The 1st NetWordS Workshop, held on the 24th, 25th and 26th of November 2011 in the Research Area of the Italian National Research Council, brought together 37 participants (Scholars, Post-Docs, PhD students) from various European countries. Eighteen speakers, experts of various scientific domain and with different theoretical inclinations, discussed cross-disciplinary approaches to the Understanding of the Architecture of Mental Lexicon, reflecting the interdisciplinarity and synergy fostered by NetWordS, the European Research Networking Programme on Word Structure The workshop was organised with the ambitious goal of paving the way towards a European interdisciplinary research agenda on the Mental Lexicon for the coming 10 years, with particular emphasis on the three main challenges that NetWordS is intended to address: - Lexicon and Rules in the grammar - Word knowledge and word use - Words and meanings Leading scholars, mostly connected through NetWordS, were invited to address three basic questions: - What are, in the speaker's area of expertise, the most pressing open issues concerning the architecture of the Mental Lexicon? - What and how can progress in other research areas contribute to addressing these issues? - What can advancement in our understanding of these issues contribute to progress in other areas?}, KEYWORDS = {Mental Lexicon, Integration of existing approaches}, URL = {http://www.networds-esf.eu/index.php?page=1st-networds-workshop}, } @ARTICLE{MARZI_2010_ARTICLE_MPS_64555, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pardelli, G. and Sassi, M.}, TITLE = {Grey literature and computational linguistics: From paper to net}, YEAR = {2010}, ABSTRACT = {The advent and exponential development of the World Wide Web has led to an increasing availability of unstructured knowledge and distributed information sources, meeting general public requirements that are hardly addressed by other more traditional information channels. This trend has concurrently raised a considerable interest in the application of Computational Linguistics (CL) methodologies to document access and retrieval, as they offer the unprecedented opportunity to make the subjective, user- centred information demands of Net citizens meet the ever changing and heterogeneous information flow of the web. Over the last five years, more and more Italian Universities have introduced CL courses into their Humanities curricula, making available on-line teaching materials, tutorials and language engineering software that appear to supply the lack of offer from traditional Italian publishing houses. In this paper, we consider in some detail the role played by this type of Grey Literature in bringing up a wider and increasingly more aware community of web users in Italy.}, KEYWORDS = {Grey Literature}, PAGES = {145-148}, URL = {http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-78149461778\&origin=inward}, VOLUME = {6}, PUBLISHER = {TextRelease (Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi)}, ISSN = {1574-1796}, JOURNAL = {The Grey journal (Print)}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2010_INPROCEEDINGS_MPS_84790, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pardelli, G. and Sassi, M.}, TITLE = {Grey Literature and Computational Linguistics: From Paper to Net}, YEAR = {2010}, ABSTRACT = {The advent and exponential development of the World Wide Web has led to an increasing availability of unstructured knowledge and distributed information sources, meeting general public requirements that are hardly addressed by other more traditional information channels. This trend has concurrently raised a considerable interest in the application of Computational Linguistics (CL) methodologies to document access and retrieval, as they offer the unprecedented opportunity to make the subjective, user-centred information demands of Net citizens meet the ever changing and heterogeneous information flow of the web. Over the last five years, more and more Italian Universities have introduced CL courses into their Humanities curricula, making available on-line teaching materials, tutorials and language engineering software that appear to supply the lack of offer from traditional Italian publishing houses. In this paper, we consider in some detail the role played by this type of Grey Literature in bringing up a wider and increasingly more aware community of web users in Italy.}, KEYWORDS = {Computational Linguistics, Grey, Web-based information}, PAGES = {81-84}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/84790}, VOLUME = {11}, PUBLISHER = {TextRelease (Amsterdam, NLD)}, ISSN = {1386-2316}, ISBN = {978-90-77484-13-5}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Eleventh International Conference on Grey Literature. The Grey Mosaic, Piecing it All Together}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Washington, DC}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {14-15 dicembre 2009}, BOOKTITLE = {The Grey Mosaic, Piecing it All Together}, EDITOR = {Farace, D. J. and Frantzen, J.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2010_INPROCEEDINGS_MPS_186131, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pardelli, G. and Sassi, M.}, TITLE = {A Terminology Based Re-Definition of Grey Literature}, YEAR = {2010}, ABSTRACT = {The Luxembourg Convention on Grey Literature held in 1997 offered the following definition of Grey Literature (expanded in New York, 2004): "Information produced and distributed on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing, i.e. where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body". Is this definition still valuable? Is it so far completely satisfactory? Or does it rather need important modifications? We suggest that an interesting re-definition of GL can be based upon careful examination of the longitudinal trend of 10 years of terminological creativity in the proceedings of the GL international Conference. Our empirical basis is the Corpus of GreyText Inhouse Archive, available on http://www.greynet.org/opensiglerepository.html consisting of titles, themes, keywords and full abstracts, for a total amount of more than sixty thousand word tokens. In the full version of our paper, we intend to focus on a set of automatically-acquired terms (both single-word and multi-word terms) obtained by subjecting our reference Corpus to a number of pre-processing steps of automated text analysis, such as concordances, frequency lists and lexical association scores (e.g. Mutual Information on word pairs). To anticipate some of our results, the following three terms, that appear to be shared by various disciplinary sub-fields, mark, in our view, important stages in the evolution of our current understanding of GL: digital, access and web. The attribute digital, an increasingly popular synonym of the now obsolete electronic, emphasises the growing importance of computer-based encoding as the standard medium of GL. The noun access (defining the process of accessing text documents) is seen in the company of adjectives like easy, full, grey and open to shape up important conceptual innovations in the way GL material is distributed: e.g. open access focuses on the free accessibility of digital contents. Coupled with information, document and repository (note, however, that repository is generally understood as a technical synonym of open archive), access points to a conception of world-wide available, structured cultural contents. Finally, reference to the web lays emphasis on the huge importance of the World Wide Web as the standard means of disseminating GL. All these aspects are not fully taken into account in the standard definition of GL reported above. Our inquiry is intended to pave the way to a bottom-up re-definition of GL, stemming from the terminological creativity and lexical innovation monitored over ten years of technical work in the field.}, KEYWORDS = {Terminology extraction, Grey Literature definition, GL Conference corpus}, PAGES = {24-28}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/186131}, VOLUME = {12}, ISSN = {1385-2308}, ISBN = {978-90-77484-15-9}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Twelfth International Conference on Grey Literature: Trasparency in Grey Literature, Grey Tech Approaches to High Tech Issues}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Prague}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {6-7/12/2010}, BOOKTITLE = {Trasparency in Grey Literature, Grey Tech Approaches to High Tech Issues}, EDITOR = {Farace, D. J. and Fratzen, J.}, } @TECHREPORT{MARZI_2010_TECHREPORT_MM_157480, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Marchi, S.}, TITLE = {Procedura Web per la generazione automatica dei bandi di concorso per Assegno di Ricerca in formato pdf}, YEAR = {2010}, ABSTRACT = {Lo sviluppo di una procedura web per la generazione automatica e gestione dei testi dei bandi di concorso per il conferimento di Assegni di Ricerca risponde alla necessità di uniformare i testi dei bandi di concorso al Disciplinare dell'Ente in continuo aggiornamento. Ogni modifica apportata al regolamento viene immediatamente recepita e convertita in modifica al modello automatico di bando. La procedura "Bandi" consente, inoltre, ad ogni Gruppo di ricerca, Laboratorio, o Commessa, o anche singolo Ricercatore, di avviare la richiesta per un Assegno di Ricerca generando autonomamente una bozza di testo in formato pdf, da sottoporre agli utenti Validatori per approvazione, correzione e/o integrazione, e la conseguente generazione e stampa del testo definitivo in formato pdf.}, KEYWORDS = {Tool, Procedura web creazione bandi}, URL = {http://bandi.ilc.cnr.it/form/login.php}, } @MISC{FERRO_2010_MISC_FMP_157477, AUTHOR = {Ferro, M. and Marzi, C. and Pirrelli, V.}, TITLE = {Word self-organization in time and space? Algorithms and evaluation}, YEAR = {2010}, ABSTRACT = {ABSTRACT: Words are time-bound signals and are amenable to temporal processing. The human brain has an innate ability to encode serial events into spatial patterns of neural activity (David Beiser \& James Houk, 1998). Temporal Hebbian SOMs (THSOMs) allow us to take the two assumptions seriously. They provide a novel computational framework accounting for many paradigm-based generalizations in a natural and insightful way. This claim is validated on inflectional data from German, English and Italian.}, KEYWORDS = {Morphology, Word Processing and Learning, Mental Lexicon, L1, SOMs}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/157477}, } @MISC{MARZI_2010_MISC_MM_176395, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Marchi, S.}, TITLE = {Procedura Web per la generazione automatica dei bandi di concorso per Assegno di Ricerca}, YEAR = {2010}, ABSTRACT = {Lo sviluppo di una procedura web per la generazione automatica e gestione dei testi dei bandi di concorso per il conferimento di Assegni di Ricerca risponde alla necessità di uniformare i testi dei bandi di concorso al Disciplinare dell'Ente in continuo aggiornamento. Ogni modifica apportata al regolamento viene immediatamente recepita e convertita in modifica al modello automatico di bando. La procedura "Bandi" consente, inoltre, ad ogni Gruppo di ricerca, Laboratorio, o Commessa, o anche singolo Ricercatore, di avviare la richiesta per un Assegno di Ricerca generando autonomamente una bozza di testo in formato pdf, da sottoporre agli utenti Validatori per approvazione, correzione e/o integrazione, e la conseguente generazione e stampa del testo definitivo in formato pdf.}, KEYWORDS = {Tool, Procedura web creazione bandi}, URL = {http://bandi.ilc.cnr.it/form/login.php}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{MARZI_2009_INPROCEEDINGS_MPS_112950, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Pardelli, G. and Sassi, M.}, TITLE = {Grey Literature and Computational Limguistics: From Paper to Net}, YEAR = {2009}, ABSTRACT = {The advent and exponential development of the World Wide Web has led to an increasing availability of unstructured knowledge and distributed information sources, meeting general public requirements that are hardly addressed by other more traditional information channels. This trend has concurrently raised a considerable interest in the application of Computational Linguistics (CL) methodologies to document access and retrieval, as they offer the unprecedented opportunity to make the subjective, user-centred information demands of Net citizens meet the ever changing and heterogeneous information flow of the web. Over the last five years, more and more Italian Universities have introduced CL courses into their Humanities curricula, making available on-line teaching materials, tutorials and language engineering software that appear to supply the lack of offer from traditional Italian publishing houses. In this paper, we consider in some detail the role played by this type of Grey Literature in bringing up a wider and increasingly more aware community of web users in Italy. Theme: Impact of Grey Literature on Net Citizens}, KEYWORDS = {Computational Linguistics, Grey Literature, Web-based information}, PAGES = {81-84}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/112950}, VOLUME = {11}, ISBN = {978-90-77484-14-2}, CONFERENCE_NAME = {Eleventh International Conference on Grey Literature "The Grey Mosaic, Piecing it All Together"}, CONFERENCE_PLACE = {Washington, DC}, CONFERENCE_DATE = {14-15 December 2009}, BOOKTITLE = {Eleventh International Conference on Grey Literature "The Grey Mosaic, Piecing it All Together" Acronimo titolo evento}, EDITOR = {Farace, D. J. and Frantzen, J.}, } @TECHREPORT{PIRRELLI_2009_TECHREPORT_PM_176379, AUTHOR = {Pirrelli, V. and Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {Words In Action: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Understanding Word Processing and Storage}, YEAR = {2009}, ABSTRACT = {Almost all levels of language knowledge and processing (from phonology, to syntax and semantics) are known to be affected by knowledge of word structure at varying degrees. A better understanding of the human strategies involved in learning and processing word structure thus lies at the heart of our comprehension of the basic mechanisms serving both language and cognition and is key to addressing some fundamental challenges for the study of the physiology of grammar. On the 12th and 13th of October 2009, in the Research Area of the Italian National Research Council (CNR) in Pisa, 26 scholars from Europe, Canada and the United States were convened to take part in the European Science Foundation Exploratory Workshop "Words in Action: Interdisciplinary Approaches To Understanding Word Processing And Storage". The workshop brought together experts of various scientific domains and different theoretical inclinations to advance the current awareness of theoretical, historical, psycholinguistic, computational and neurophysiological issues in morphological processing and learning, with a view to assessing levels of research convergence and exploring the potential for synergy and strategic co-operation.}, KEYWORDS = {Morphology, Word Processing, Word Learning, Mental Lexicon}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/176379}, } @TECHREPORT{MARZI_2003_TECHREPORT_MPA_157342, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C. and Petrongolo, C. and Aprile, N.}, TITLE = {GLARS: Contratti dei servizi comuni di Area}, YEAR = {2003}, ABSTRACT = {Revisione dei contratti di appalto dei servizi di Mensa, vigilanza, e pulizie, per una ottimizzazione dei servizi e risparmio dei costi}, KEYWORDS = {contratti servizi Area della Ricerca Pisa}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/157342}, } @MISC{MARZI_2003_MISC_M_157343, AUTHOR = {Marzi, C.}, TITLE = {FONDI STRUTTURALI: linee direttrici}, YEAR = {2003}, ABSTRACT = {Scopo del presente documento è la diffusione delle indicazioni ed istruzione ricevute in occasione del corso di formazione sulla "Preparazione, gestione e rendicontazione dei progetti di ricerca e sviluppo nell'ambito dei finanziamenti nazionali alla ricerca industriale (D. lgs. 297/99)"1. L'idea del corso nasce dall'importanza crescente annessa al ruolo delle Istituzioni Scientifiche per la crescita della competitività delle imprese, il che investe il CNR di nuovi compiti per lo sviluppo economico dell'Italia. In seguito alla riforma del sistema di incentivi alla ricerca industriale attuata dal MURST (Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica - oggi MIUR) con l'emanazione di due provvedimenti che hanno riunito la precedente normativa - il Decreto Legislativo n. 297 del 27 luglio 1999 "Riordino della disciplina e snellimento delle procedure per il sostegno della ricerca scientifica e tecnologica, per la diffusione delle tecnologie, per la mobilità dei ricercatori" ed il Decreto Ministeriale n. 593 dell'8 agosto 2000 "Modalità procedurali per la concessione delle agevolazioni previste dal decreto legislativo 297/99" - il CNR, così come le Università e gli altri Enti Pubblici di Ricerca, trovano l'opportunità di collaborazione con le imprese e la possibilità di fruire dei finanziamenti agevolati per la ricerca nelle seguenti forme: presentazione di progetti di ricerca co-intestati tra imprese ed istituti di ricerca; partecipazione a Società e Consorzi per lo sviluppo di attività imprenditoriali; partecipazione ad attività di formazione di ricercatori e tecnici delle imprese.}, KEYWORDS = {gestione rendicontazione progetti ricerca e sviluppo}, URL = {https://publications.cnr.it/doc/157343}, }